A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

The spectrum of ammonia near 0.793 μm

Two sets of NH3 absorption spectra covering the 0.793 μm region are recorded using two Bruker IFS 125 HR Fourier transform spectrometers. Three unapodized absorption spectra are recorded in Brussels over the range 11000−14500 cm−1 and the positions and intensities of 1114 ammonia lines observed in the 12491−12810 cm−1 region are measured using a multi-spectrum least squares fitting algorithm. 367 additional lines are identified in an ammonia absorption spectrum recorded in two steps at the J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry in Prague, using two different interference filters covering the 12000−12500 and 12400−13000 cm−1 ranges. The 1481 measured ammonia lines are analyzed using an empirical line list computed using variational nuclear motion calculations and ground state combination differences. Transitions are assigned to vibrational states with 4νNH stretching excitation (v1+v3=4). 278 out of the 1481 measured lines are assigned to 300 transitions and 119 upper state energy levels are derived from the frequencies of the assigned transitions.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Three keys to the radiation of angiosperms into freezing environments

Early flowering plants are thought to have been woody species restricted to warm habitats. This lineage has since radiated into almost every climate, with manifold growth forms. As angiosperms spread and climate changed, they evolved mechanisms to cope with episodic freezing. To explore the evolution of traits underpinning the ability to persist in freezing conditions, we assembled a large species-level database of growth habit (woody or herbaceous; 49,064 species), as well as leaf phenology (evergreen or deciduous), diameter of hydraulic conduits (that is, xylem vessels and tracheids) and climate occupancies (exposure to freezing). To model the evolution of species' traits and climate occupancies, we combined these data with an unparalleled dated molecular phylogeny (32,223 species) for land plants. Here we show that woody clades successfully moved into freezing-prone environments by either possessing transport networks of small safe conduits and/or shutting down hydraulic function by dropping leaves during freezing. Herbaceous species largely avoided freezing periods by senescing cheaply constructed aboveground tissue. Growth habit has long been considered labile, but we find that growth habit was less labile than climate occupancy. Additionally, freezing environments were largely filled by lineages that had already become herbs or, when remaining woody, already had small conduits (that is, the trait evolved before the climate occupancy). By contrast, most deciduous woody lineages had an evolutionary shift to seasonally shedding their leaves only after exposure to freezing (that is, the climate occupancy evolved before the trait). For angiosperms to inhabit novel cold environments they had to gain new structural and functional trait solutions; our results suggest that many of these solutions were probably acquired before their foray into the cold. © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

Biologia floral e polinização de Arrabidaea conjugata (Vell.) Mart. (Bignoniaceae) Floral and pollination biology of Arrabidaea conjugata (Vell.) Mart. (Bignoniaceae)

O trabalho aborda a biologia floral, a atividade forrageira dos visitantes florais (polinizadores e pilhadores), os eventos fenológicos e o sistema de reprodução de Arrabidaea conjugata (Vell.) Mart. (Bignoniaceae), em área de vegetação de restinga, município de Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, no período 1997 a 2000. A espécie estudada tem flores com antese diurna, lilases, tubulosas, hermafroditas, odoríferas e oferecem néctar como recurso floral. O néctar é secretado por um disco localizado na base do gineceu e é acumulado em câmara nectarífera. Os grãos de pólen são liberados gradativamente, prolongando-se a fase de doação de pólen. As abelhas Euglossa cordata Linnaeus, Centris analis Fabricius e C. tarsata Smith são os polinizadores da espécie. Destaca-se pilhagem primária de néctar, por abelhas, e secundária, por borboletas e beija-flor. A espécie é auto-incompatível, apresentando baixos índices de formação de frutos em condições naturais (Frutos/Flores = 12,2%). Foi registrado padrão de floração "cornucópia", entre os meses de dezembro a março (estação quente/chuvosa), com pico em janeiro. As sementes são anemocóricas e liberadas gradativamente na estação fria e seca.<br>This work deals with the floral biology, the foraging activities of floral visitors (pollinators and robbers), phenology and reproductive system of Arrabidaea conjugata (Vell.) Mart. (Bignoniaceae) in the "restinga" of Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 1997 to 2000. The flowers display daytime anthesis and last only one day. These attractive pink flowers are tubular, hermaphroditic, odoriferous and produce nectar as the floral reward. The nectar is secreted by a nectariferous disk concealed within a chamber. The pollen grains are gradually released throughout anthesis, extending the pollen presentation phase. The bees Euglossa cordata Linnaeus, Centris analis Fabricius and C. tarsata Smith are the pollinator species. Primary and secondary nectar pilferage by several bees, butterflies and a hummingbird is found in A. conjugata. The species is self-incompatible and has low fruit set (Fruit/Flower = 12.2%). Flowering of A. conjugata lasts from December to March (hot, rainy season) with a peak in January. The seeds are anemocoric and dispersal peaks in the cold, dry season