Molecular Interactions of Soaked Nonionic Dye in Ionomer Films

Sodium and zinc salts of poly (ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) ionomers consist of three phases, i.e. ionic aggregates, amorphous, and crystalline phases. Dye molecules after soaked from the methanol solution are located near the amorphous phase or ionic aggregates within ionomer films. Depending on the location of the molecules in the ionomer film, they are under influence of dispersion forces (ethylene parts), polar forces (acid parts), and ionic dipole (ionic aggregates) interactions. The UV/Vis absorption peak of Nile Red under the dispersion force is found at near 500 nm, for the dye under the polar force effect 525 nm, and 550 and 610 nm for the dyes under Na+ and Zn2+ ionization effects, respectively. Since the divalent Zn2+ ion has larger ionic dipole than the monovalent Na+ ion, the larger red-shift of the absorption band due to the ionic dipole interaction is observed for Zn2+ counter ion

Public participation and agency discretion in rulemaking at the Federal Communications Commission

In recent years, many practitioners, policymakers, and scholars have embraced participatory politics in communications policymaking at the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) with the expectation that mass involvement by the public will—and should—influence regulatory outcomes. However, calls for participation may not be sufficient; a commitment to public-spirited decision making among agency officials is also needed alongside procedural safeguards for participation. The following analysis uses a Habermasian framework to move beyond participatory politics and advocates for a deliberative understanding of the role of the public and policymakers in producing legitimate outcomes. Looking at legal and legislative history of the Commission and of administrative procedure more generally, the article reconsiders the value of agency discretion and turns attention to the importance of public participation in debates about communications regulation outside the rulemaking system. If members of the public generate, circulate, and make audible their opinions in a public sphere and agency officials are open to and active listeners of a public sphere, agency discretion can guide officials towards public-spirited rather than narrowly interested decisions. Overall, Habermas's model suggests that policymakers and public coproduce legitimacy in a process that is doubly challenging but arguably more profound