Polymicrobial Agents and Antibiotic Profile of Urinary Tract Infections among Pregnant Women in Anambra State, Nigeria

Microbiological studies were carried out on midstream urine collected from 200 pregnant women(test) and 100 non pregnant women (control) attending antenatal clinics at General Hospital Onitsha,  Enugwu-Ukwu and Chizoba Hospital Awada, Obosi. All the subjects were between 18-37years. The urine samples were cultured on to freshly prepared Eosine methylene blue (Oxoid), blood and MacConkey (Difco) agar plates and incubated at 37oc for 24hours. Urinalysis using Combi-9 urine test strip and microscopic examination of the deposit were done. Organisms were identified using cultural characteristics, Gram staining reactions and some biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were carried out on isolates using agar diffusion methods. The result showed a prevalent rate of UTI in pregnancy 23(11.5%) and control 10(10%). There was no significant difference among pregnant and non- pregnant women p>0.05. Echerichia coli were the predominant organism isolated 78.26%, Group B streptococcus, Klebsiella spp and Staphylococuus saprophyticus were isolated 1 (4.3%) each, Proteus mirabilis were isolated 2(8.7%). In the control group E. coli were isolated 8 (80%) while Proteus and klebsiella were isolated 1(10%) each. All organisms isolated were 100% sensitive to gentamicin and nalidixic acid and 100% resistant to ampicillin. Keywords: Pregnancy, urinary tract infection, polymicrobial agents antibiotic profil

Evaluation of Bacillus Cereus Contamination of Local Vegetables in Obosi, Nigeria.

Seventy Nigerian local vegetables were examined for contamination by Bacillus cereus. The vegetables were purchased from different markets in Obosi, Anambra state, Nigeria and transported to the laboratory for microbiological analysis. The samples were first homogenized in 90ml of 0.1% peptone water and incubated at 37oc for 24 hours. The clear supernatant were sub-cultured on to freshly prepared blood, MacConkey, PolymyxinB agar plates and incubated for 24hours at 37oc. Bacillus cereus was identified using cultural characteristic, some biochemical tests, spore staining for the presence of lipid globules and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Those positive were investigated for the presence of enterotoxin and their pathogenic effects using animal models was also done. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were carried out using agar diffusion methods. Thirteen (18.6%) of 70 vegetable samples were contaminated by Bacillus cereus. All Bacillus cereus were positive for enterotoxin and 100% resistant to ampiclox while one from cabbage was resistant to tested drugs. Histomorphological tests using animal models revealed infiltration of the liver cells by inflammatory cells, necrosis. This study showed that Bacillus cereus is a common contaminant of local vegetables in Obosi, Nigeria. Keywords: Bacillus cereus, contamination, local vegetables, Obosi

Incidence, Characterization and Pathological Features of Bacillus Cereus in Soil, Raw Cereals and Meat in Anambra State, Eastern Nigeria

This study was conducted to determine the level of contamination of Bacillus cereus in soil, raw cereal and meat in Anambra State Nigeria. Eighty (80) different types of extra human samples made up of 10 each from soil from animal houses, moist soil, soil from plant roots, and dry soil, 10 each from raw cereal- maize, beans, rice and raw meat. Raw cereal and meat were randomly purchased from local food vendors and markets and soil samples were collected from different locations. Eighty human diarrheal stool samples from patients attending clinics and fifty (50) control stool samples from human volunteers were also evaluated for the presence of Bacillus cereus. All samples were transported to the laboratory for microbiological analysis. The extra human samples were first homogenized in 0.1% peptone water, incubated at 37oc for 24 hours and then subcultured on to freshly prepared blood, MacConkey and polymyxinB agar plates while a direct stool culture on the above plates were also done. Bacillus cereus was identified using cultural characteristics, Gram staining reaction, spore staining for the presence of lipid globules and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Enterotoxin production by Bacillus cereus and its effect on animal models was done. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were carried out. Bacillus cereus was isolated in 11(27.5%) of 40 soil samples, 5(16.6%) of 30 cereal crops and raw meat   4(40%). Soil from animal houses and raw meat had the highest contamination of 4(40%) each from 10 samples studied. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the Bacillus cereus isolated from soil, raw cereal and meat samples. Bacillus cereus was isolated in 15(18.8%) of 80 diarrheal stool and 4(8%) of 50 control stool samples which difference was not statistically significant. ALL Bacillus cereus isolated were positive for the enterotoxin and resistant to ampiclox. The results of this study reveal that Bacillus cereus is a common contaminant of soil, raw cereals and meat and is mainly of the diarrheal type. Keywords: Bacillus cereus, incidence, characterization, pathological feature

Ecopathological Features of Bacillus Cereus Food Poisoning in Anambra State, Nigeria

This study was conducted to determine the level of contamination of Bacillus cereus in Nigeria local cooked /boiled foods in Anambra State, Nigeria. One hundred and ninety (190) different types of extra human samples made up of 10 each ready to eat cooked/boiled foods were randomly purchased from local food vendors and restaurants. Eighty (80) human diarrheal stools from patients suspected of food poisoning attending clinics and laboratories and fifty control stool from human volunteers were also examined for the presence of Bacillus cereus. The extra human samples were first homogenized in 1% peptone, incubated at 37oc for 24hours and then sub cultured on to freshly prepared blood, MacConkey, and Polymyxin B agar plates while a direct stool culture on the above agar plates were also done. Bacillus cereus was identified using cultural characteristics, Gram staining reaction, spore staining reaction for the presence of lipid globules which is specific for Bacillus cereus, some biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Animal studies results revealed pathological involvement of the liver. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were carried out using agar diffusion methods. Bacillus cereus was detected in 44(23.4%) of 190 extra human samples. Bacillus cereus was isolated in ready to eat cooked/boiled foods, 20(33.3%) of 90 cooked/boiled foods, soup category 10(20%) of 50 soup samples, 15(30%) of 50 steamed wrapped foods samples. No Bacillus cereus was isolated from stew sample while 4(40%) of 10 samples each of abacha (African salad, breadfruit (ukwa), boiled palm nut oil soup (akwu), plantain pudding (ukpogede) were positive for Bacillus cereus.  Bacillus cereus was isolated in 15(18.5%) of 80 diarrheal stool samples and 4(8%) of 50 control stool. 42 (95.45%) of Bacillus cereus isolated were positive for the enterotoxins while 2(4.55%) all from cooked rice were negative. The Bacillus cereus isolated were 100% resistant to ampiclox. The results of this study showed that Bacillus cereus is a common contaminant of Nigerian’s local foods and food products and is mainly of the enterotoxin (diarrheal type). Keywords: Ecopathology, Bacillus cereus, Food poisoning, Enterotoxi

Incidence, Characterization and Pathological Features of Bacillus Cereus in Soil, Raw Cereals and Meat in Anambra State, Eastern Nigeria

This study was conducted to determine the level of contamination of Bacillus cereus in soil, raw cereal and meat in Anambra State Nigeria. Eighty (80) different types of extra human samples made up of 10 each from soil from animal houses, moist soil, soil from plant roots, and dry soil, 10 each from raw cereal- maize, beans, rice and raw meat. Raw cereal and meat were randomly purchased from local food vendors and markets and soil samples were collected from different locations. Eighty human diarrheal stool samples from patients attending clinics and fifty (50) control stool samples from human volunteers were also evaluated for the presence of Bacillus cereus. All samples were transported to the laboratory for microbiological analysis. The extra human samples were first homogenized in 0.1% peptone water, incubated at 37oc for 24 hours and then subcultured on to freshly prepared blood, MacConkey and polymyxinB agar plates while a direct stool culture on the above plates were also done. Bacillus cereus was identified using cultural characteristics, Gram staining reaction, spore staining for the presence of lipid globules and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Enterotoxin production by Bacillus cereus and its effect on animal models was done. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were carried out. Bacillus cereus was isolated in 11(27.5%) of 40 soil samples, 5(16.6%) of 30 cereal crops and raw meat   4(40%). Soil from animal houses and raw meat had the highest contamination of 4(40%) each from 10 samples studied. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the Bacillus cereus isolated from soil, raw cereal and meat samples. Bacillus cereus was isolated in 15(18.8%) of 80 diarrheal stool and 4(8%) of 50 control stool samples which difference was not statistically significant. ALL Bacillus cereus isolated were positive for the enterotoxin and resistant to ampiclox. The results of this study reveal that Bacillus cereus is a common contaminant of soil, raw cereals and meat and is mainly of the diarrheal type. Keywords: Bacillus cereus, incidence, characterization, pathological feature