Means of Expressing Dualism in Sermon “Slovo na Novyy God. V Chem Schastye Cheloveka, i Gde Ego Nayti?” [Word for New Year. What is Human Happiness, and Where to Find it?]

The present study examines Archbishop Anastasy (Dobradin)’s famous sermon «Слово на Новый годъ. Въ чемъ счастіе человѣка и гдѣ его найти?», dealing with the question of the dual understanding of “happiness” (philosophical, i.e. secular, and religious). Attention is paid to the means of verbalising the concept of happiness in the text under study. The text under analysis is a unique example of the homily, distinguished by its atypical for this genre appeal to a secular element, associated with the preacher’s dual understanding of “happiness”. The article presents the results of the analysis of etymology and development of semantics of the noun счастье. Its lexical compatibility in the text of a sermon is investigated. Full and short forms of adjectives, which serve to express positive and negative connotations, are identified. It has been proved that in the studied homily the preacher attributes the concept of “happiness” not only to the high register but also to the low register, which is related to the two concepts of “happiness” considered by him, reflected also on the graphic level (счастіе, счастье). Particular attention is paid to the most frequent attribute in the sermon, истинный, which has in common with the noun счастье the seme God. The epigraph of the homily, which usually presents the main point of the sermon, does not include the lexeme счастье because the entire sermon is devoted to redefining this concept

Resilience assessment of railway networks: Combining infrastructure restoration and transport management

During railways operations, unplanned events might occur which can result in rail traffic being heavily impacted. The paper proposes a passenger-centred resilience assessment for disruption scenarios which consist of multiple simultaneous disruptions. It combines train traffic operations, passenger flows and network restoration. To evaluate resilience, an optimization-based approach has been developed for solving the new infrastructure restoration and transport management (IRTM) problem. Additionally, this approach develops mitigation plans for the best infrastructure restoration and traffic recovery and it captures the time-dependent transport network performance during disruptions. The approach is general with respect to types of disruptions, and can be applied for evaluation against short disruptions (1–2 h) as well as more substantial ones (multiple days or weeks). The performance of the proposed approach has been demonstrated on a Dutch railway network. Furthermore, the resilience of the system is assessed against the critical infrastructure disruption scenarios in the network. This optimization-based approach shall enable decision makers to quantify accurately impacts of multiple disruptions by considering the created inconveniences to passengers in the railway operation due to these disruptions.Transport and Plannin

Latency and lytic replication in Epstein-Barr virus-associated oncogenesis

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was the first tumour virus identified in humans. The virus is primarily associated with lymphomas and epithelial cell cancers. These tumours express latent EBV antigens and the oncogenic potential of individual latent EBV proteins has been extensively explored. Nevertheless, it was presumed that the pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic functions of these oncogenes allow the virus to persist in humans; however, recent evidence suggests that cellular transformation is not required for virus maintenance. Vice versa, lytic EBV replication was assumed to destroy latently infected cells and thereby inhibit tumorigenesis, but at least the initiation of the lytic cycle has now been shown to support EBV-driven malignancies. In addition to these changes in the roles of latent and lytic EBV proteins during tumorigenesis, the function of non-coding RNAs has become clearer, suggesting that they might mainly mediate immune escape rather than cellular transformation. In this Review, these recent findings will be discussed with respect to the role of EBV-encoded oncogenes in viral persistence and the contributions of lytic replication as well as non-coding RNAs in virus-driven tumour formation. Accordingly, early lytic EBV antigens and attenuated viruses without oncogenes and microRNAs could be harnessed for immunotherapies and vaccination