Peranan Petani Terhadap Strategi Pembangunan Hutan Rakyat Di Bagian Hulu Sub DAS Logawa Di Kabupaten Banyumas, Jawa Tengah (Roles of Farmers on Development Strategies of Community Forests at Upstream Areas of Logawa Sub River Stream Regions in Banyumas)

Strategy approach in the development of community forests as portion for land utilization is mostly relevant in connection with quicker degradation and deforestation of natural resources at the Logawa Sub River Drainage Area Stream Regionsin Banyumas Regency in Central Java. Aims of the research were to exploite potency and problem community forestsfrom the environmental, social and economic aspects, and to formulate strategies to develop community forests to sustain management at the upstream areas of the Logawa Sub River Stream Regions. It used survey method and a descriptive analysis, i.e. a research method focusing on attention at problem solving occurring in current period, whereas the problem solved was the factual problem. Through RPA activities and by using FGD method and continued by using AHP. Testresultsof the preparation of the hierarchy with the highest weighting orscalingconsistencycriteria ofinterestto theassessorsaidconsistentlyshowsthatsocialcriteria; sub-criteriatoincreaseparticipation; alternativeto thepricefactoristhehighestpriorityis most important tonote. Results of the formulation become a grand strategy that is implemented in a great agenda or become a directed program, so it will give optimal benefits for the society by environmental, economical, and socialapproaches. The strategic formulation directed for development of small holder forests at the Logawa Sub River Stream Regions is by strengthening farmer groups of the small holder forests, through models of counseling, extension, training, and collaboration to enhance farmers' capabilities until being self service, so they have capability to eliminate obstacles happened serially step by step and to be completed starting from the most important thing, particularly how to achieve bargaining position either obtained from qualified wood or non-wood product, easiness to get capital and market access by staying to keep environmental everlasting

Dual level searching approach for solving multi objective optimisation problems using hybrid particle swarm optimisation and bats echolocation-inspired algorithms

A dual level searching approach for multi objective optimisation problems using particle swarm optimisation and modified adaptive bats sonar algorithm is presented. The concept of echolocation of a colony of bats to find prey in the modified adaptive bats sonar algorithm is integrated with the established particle swarm optimisation algorithm. The proposed algorithm incorporates advantages of both particle swarm optimisation and modified adaptive bats sonar algorithm approach to handle the complexity of multi objective optimisation problems. These include swarm flight attitude and swarm searching strategy. The performance of the algorithm is verified through several multi objective optimisation benchmark test functions and problem. The acquired results show that the proposed algorithm perform well to produce a reliable Pareto front. The proposed algorithm can thus be an effective method for solving of multi objective optimisation problems

73 Typing of Ralstonia solanacearum isolated from tomato by antibiotic susceptibility, plasmid profiling and PCR-based techniques of RAPD and ERIC (Pentaipan Ralstonia solanacearum yang diasingkan daripada tomato menggunakan kaedah pengaruhan antibiotik,

Abstract The epidemiological characteristics of Ralstonia solanacearum isolated from tomato plants in Sarawak and Selangor were studied. The epidemiological analysis of the strains was carried out through antibiotic resistant pattern, plasmid profiles, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) methods. Six strains were susceptible to all antibiotics tested, whereas the 10 strains that were resistant to one or more antibiotics were grouped into six antibiotic resistance patterns. Small single plasmid of 7.2 Mda and 9.2 Mda were detected among the nine plasmid containing strains, enabling them to be grouped into only two plasmid patterns. In the polymerase chain reaction, based methods using RAPD and ERIC, two strains were untypable by RAPD, whereas all were typable by ERIC. In this study, a wide diversity of R. solanacearum strains was examined. ERIC analysis demonstrated the clonal relationship between isolates from tomato plants in Sarawak and Selangor. The existence of similar R. solanacearum strains in tomato plants from two very distant locations should be considered if tomato strain fingerprint results were to be used to help trace the vehicles for transmission

The effect of temperature treatment on structural and optical properties of cr3+doped alumina nanocrystals

Cr3+doped alumina nanocrystals have been successfully prepared using combustion method. The chemicals used in this preparation are aluminium nitrate, chromium nitrate, urea and glucose. All these chemicals were thoroughly mixed then heated in a furnace. The mixture was heated at 600 °C for 1 hour then heated at 700, 800 and 900 °C for 30 minutes. At the final stage the mixture was heated at the temperature of 1000 °C for 30, 60, and 120 minutes. At every different temperature and heating time, some of the sample was taken for analysis. The samples were analysed in terms of their structure and optical properties by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and spectrofluorometer, respectively. From the analysis, it is found that the structure and optical properties were strongly affected with the temperature and heating time. The sample heated at 1000 °C for 30 minutes contains gamma and alpha phases structures. The structure fully transformed to alpha phase after 1 hour of heating at 1000 °C. From the X-ray diffractogram, crystallite size was estimated using Scherrer equation, which shows increasing trend from 21 nm to 33 nm as the heating time prolonged from 30 minutes to 120 minutes at 1000 °C. The fluorescence spectra at 694 nm observed for the samples annealed at 1000 °C. The intensity of fluorescence increases with longer heating time. Based on the result, it shows that the temperature and heating time significantly influence the structure and fluorescence intensity

Septo-optic Dysplasia

Purpose Septo-optic dysplasia is a congenital disorder consisting of optic nerve hypoplasia and absent septum pellucidum. While associated anomalies have been described, olfactory sulcus and bulb-tract hypoplasia have been scantily reported and was the focus of this study. Methods The picture archival and communications system and radiology information system (PACS-RIS) was searched over 15 years for patients with suspected septo-optic dysplasia (n = 41) and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Included patients had coronal (<= 3 mm), axial (<= 4 mm), and sagittal (<= 4 mm) imaging reviewed by two staff neuroradiologists by consensus. Both olfactory sulcus and bulb-tract hypoplasia were ascribed a grade of 0 (normal) to 3 (complete hypoplasia). Other associated congenital anomalies were recorded, if present. Incidence of anomalies were compared to age-matched and gender-matched control patients. Results Out of 41 septo-optic dysplasia patients 33 were included (mean age = 120.7 months), with 8 excluded due to isolated septum pellucidum absence (n = 5), isolated bilateral optic hypoplasia (n = 2), or inadequate imaging (n = 1). An olfactory sulcus was hypoplastic on one or both sides in 14/33 (42.4%). Olfactory bulb hypoplasia was noted in one or both tracts in 15/33 (45.4%). A significant correlation was found between degree of olfactory sulcal and bulb-tract hypoplasia (rho = 0.528, p = 0.0009). Other anomalies were: anterior falx dysplasia (n = 16, 48.5%), incomplete hippocampal inversion (n = 14, 42.4%), polymicrogyria (n = 11, 33.3%), callosal complete or partial agenesis (n = 10, 30.3%), schizencephaly (n = 8, 24.2%), ectopic posterior pituitary (n = 6, 18.2%), and nodular heterotopia (n = 4, 12.1%). Of the age-matched control patients 10/33 (30.3%) had at least mild anterior falx hypoplasia, and 1 control patient was noted to have unilateral incomplete hippocampal inversion (IHI); none of the age-matched control patients had olfactory sulcus or bulb-tract hypoplasia. Conclusion Olfactory sulcus and bulb-tract hypoplasia are fairly common in septo-optic dysplasia and can be discordant between sides. Of the other associated anomalies, anterior falx dysplasia seems to be the most common