The Influence of 5% KOH Immersion for Seaweed as Raw Materials for Air Freshener Gel

The effect of submersion KOH 5% for seaweed as raw materials products air freshener gel has been studied. Seaweed in Indonesia has a big potentially and it is commonly used in food products, beverages, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. This research aims to use seaweed as a feedstock gel air freshener. Soaking seaweed with KOH was conducted to determine the nature of the water content and gel strength of the gel air freshener products generated given the scent of oranges and cloves. KOH concentration used was 5%. The results showed the water content of seaweed with KOH soaked lower than without KOH, whereas the gel strength with marinated seaweed KOH higher than without KOH. The results of organoleptic test, in this case the sense of smell, the air freshener gel product indicates that the product that uses citrus scent perfuming/lemon, panelists preferred more than the product is scented gel air freshener clove oil

Deterministic and Probabilistic Binary Search in Graphs

We consider the following natural generalization of Binary Search: in a given undirected, positively weighted graph, one vertex is a target. The algorithm's task is to identify the target by adaptively querying vertices. In response to querying a node $q$, the algorithm learns either that $q$ is the target, or is given an edge out of $q$ that lies on a shortest path from $q$ to the target. We study this problem in a general noisy model in which each query independently receives a correct answer with probability $p > \frac{1}{2}$ (a known constant), and an (adversarial) incorrect one with probability $1-p$. Our main positive result is that when $p = 1$ (i.e., all answers are correct), $\log_2 n$ queries are always sufficient. For general $p$, we give an (almost information-theoretically optimal) algorithm that uses, in expectation, no more than $(1 - \delta)\frac{\log_2 n}{1 - H(p)} + o(\log n) + O(\log^2 (1/\delta))$ queries, and identifies the target correctly with probability at leas $1-\delta$. Here, $H(p) = -(p \log p + (1-p) \log(1-p))$ denotes the entropy. The first bound is achieved by the algorithm that iteratively queries a 1-median of the nodes not ruled out yet; the second bound by careful repeated invocations of a multiplicative weights algorithm. Even for $p = 1$, we show several hardness results for the problem of determining whether a target can be found using $K$ queries. Our upper bound of $\log_2 n$ implies a quasipolynomial-time algorithm for undirected connected graphs; we show that this is best-possible under the Strong Exponential Time Hypothesis (SETH). Furthermore, for directed graphs, or for undirected graphs with non-uniform node querying costs, the problem is PSPACE-complete. For a semi-adaptive version, in which one may query $r$ nodes each in $k$ rounds, we show membership in $\Sigma_{2k-1}$ in the polynomial hierarchy, and hardness for $\Sigma_{2k-5}$

Efficient Dynamic Approximate Distance Oracles for Vertex-Labeled Planar Graphs

Let $G$ be a graph where each vertex is associated with a label. A Vertex-Labeled Approximate Distance Oracle is a data structure that, given a vertex $v$ and a label $\lambda$, returns a $(1+\varepsilon)$-approximation of the distance from $v$ to the closest vertex with label $\lambda$ in $G$. Such an oracle is dynamic if it also supports label changes. In this paper we present three different dynamic approximate vertex-labeled distance oracles for planar graphs, all with polylogarithmic query and update times, and nearly linear space requirements

Pengaruh Alkalinitas Terhadap Kelangsungan Hidup Dan Pertumbuhan Ikan Lalawak Barbodes SP. [Effect of Alkalinity on the Survival Rate and Growth of Lalawak Fish, Barb Odes SP.]

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of alkalinity on the survival rate and daily growth rate of Barbodes sp. The fishes were reared in 12 aquariums with four different alkalinity levels 48, 78, 108 and 138 ppm. Each aquarium filled with 10 fish at the average weight of 12.25 to 12.64 g attempt. The treatment lasted for 75 days. During the experiment, the fish were given commercial diet (pellet) with the dose of 5% of biomass weight at the frequency of three times a day. Result of the experiment showed that the survival rate for all treatments was 100%, while the alkalinity which suitable for daily growth rate of the fish was 80 ppm C\u27aCO

Fixed Point and Aperiodic Tilings

An aperiodic tile set was first constructed by R.Berger while proving the undecidability of the domino problem. It turned out that aperiodic tile sets appear in many topics ranging from logic (the Entscheidungsproblem) to physics (quasicrystals) We present a new construction of an aperiodic tile set that is based on Kleene's fixed-point construction instead of geometric arguments. This construction is similar to J. von Neumann self-reproducing automata; similar ideas were also used by P. Gacs in the context of error-correcting computations. The flexibility of this construction allows us to construct a "robust" aperiodic tile set that does not have periodic (or close to periodic) tilings even if we allow some (sparse enough) tiling errors. This property was not known for any of the existing aperiodic tile sets.Comment: v5: technical revision (positions of figures are shifted

Kebiasaan Makan Tiram Mutiara Pintada Maxima di Perairan Teluk Sekotong, Lombok

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kebiasaan makan tiram mutiara Pintada maxima. Penelitian dilaksanakan dari bulan Juni 2003 sampai Februari 2004 di perairan Teluk Sekotong Propinsi Lombok. Pengambilan contoh fitoplankton di perairan dilakukan setiap 3 jam sekali selama 24 jam antara pukul 06.00 - 03.00 WIB. Pada setiap pemgamatan diambil sebanyak 8 ekor tiram mutiara untuk sekali pengamatan. Untukmemperoleh gambaran kebiasaan makan tiram mutiara dilakukan analisis indeks pilihan. Pintada maxima memakan semua fitoplankton yang ada di lingkungannya. Tiram mutiara tidak melakukan seleksi terhadap jenis makanannya yang terdapat di alam, tetapi menyeleksi makanannya berdasarkan ukuran makanannya. Tiram mutiara menyukai makanan yang memiliki ukuran lebih kecil. Persentase jenis-jenis fitoplanktonyang disukai tiram mutiara berturut-turut adalah kelas Bacillariophyceae, Dinophyceae, Ciliata, Chrisophyta, Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae dan moluska

Pematangan Gonad Ikan Sidat Betina (Anguilla Bicolor Bicolor) melalui Induksi Ekstrak Hipofisis

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan pengaruh pemberian ekstrak hipofisis ikan mas terhadap pematangan gonad ikan sidat tropis betina (Anguilla bicolor bicolor). Ikan sidat dengan bobot 600 gram telah digunakan sebagai materi biologis. Ekstrak hipofisis ikan mas dengan tingkat 0, ¼ dan ½ dosis dan tiga tipe frekuensi penyuntikan yakni setiap 1, 2 dan 3 minggu dijadikan sebagai perlakuan. Parameter yang diamati adalah Gonado somatic index (GSI), Hepatosomatic index (HSI), diameter folikel, kadar lemak dalam folikel, serta kadar glikokonjugat dalam folikel dan hati. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa penyuntikan ekstrak hipofisis ikan mas dengan ½ dosis yang dilakukan setiap minggu selama 10 minggu memberikan pengaruh yang terbaik

Optimization of Artificial Insemination Program in Buffalo

Development of buffalo was relatively slow in the last five years (1993-1997), but the number of slaughtered animals was also increased in the same period. Factors limiting their development were extensive farming system, farming as a secondary enterprise, slow growth and low reproductive efficiency of the animals. Optimization of artificial insemination (AI) program in one of the alternative to improve buffalo productivity in Indonesia. AI is an effective tool toimprove the genetic quality and to increase the buffaloes population. Application of AI in buffalo has been conducted since 1975, but until now the results are not still significant. Within the last four years the calving average was 750 head/year, the implementation of targeted insemination doses reached less than 50%/year with S/C still above 2 and CR 38.32%. The limiting factors affecting this low performance are quality of semen, female fertility, skill of technician and zootechnical knowledge of farmers. Improvement of reproductive efficiency of buffaloes interrelated with optimization of AI program could be imposed through increasing of ability of farmers to detect oestrus, oestrus synchronization using hormones (PGF-2α and progesterone), improvement of quality of frozen semen with special attention on dilution materials used, control of equilibration time, and control of duration and temperature of thawing, as well as accuracy of insemination time.   Key words: AI, buffalo, semen quality, optimization, oestrus synchronizatio

Interobserver Agreement for Endometrial Cancer Characteristics Evaluated on Biopsy Material

A shift toward a disease-based therapy designed according to patterns of failure and likelihood of nodal involvement predicted by pathologic determinants has recently led to considering a selective approach to lymphadenectomy for endometrial cancer. Therefore, it became critical to examine reproducibility of diagnosing the key determinants of risk, on preoperative endometrial tissue samples as well as the concordance between preoperative and postresection specimens. Six gynaecologic pathologists assessed 105 consecutive endometrial biopsies originally reported as positive for endometrial cancer for cell type (endometrioid versus nonendometrioid), tumor grade (FIGO 3-tiered and 2-tiered), nuclear grade, and risk category (low risk defined as endometrioid histology, grade 1 + 2 and nuclear grade <3). Interrater agreement levels were substantial for identification of nonendometrioid histology (κ = 0.63; SE = 0.025), high tumor grade (κ = 0.64; SE = 0.025), and risk category (κ = 0.66; SE = 0.025). The overall agreement was fair for nuclear grade (κ = 0.21; SE = 0.025). There is agreement amongst pathologists in identifying high-risk pathologic determinants on endometrial cancer biopsies, and these highly correlate with postresection specimens. This is ascertainment prerequisite adaptation of the paradigm shift in surgical staging of patients with endometrial cancer