The Influences of Training on Rowers of Different Age

We measured 14 rowers and divided them into two groups according to age and years of training. Our goal has been to establish the influence of several years of programmed training on the structure of the body, oxygen carrying capacity and oxidation capacity of muscle cells, the chemical composition of blood and characteristics of pulse and lactate curves in rowers. As to the structure of the body, the two groups did not differ if we equalised them according to body height. Differences existed in the determinants of oxygen carrying capacity and oxydation capacity of muscle cells. Older rowers had lower pulse at rest, higher step test index, lower pulse immediately after the step test and in the last minute of the test on a bicycle ergometer and higher maximal oxygen pulse. While at rest, no significant differences between the groups were observed in most of the analysed substances in the blood serum. With the increase of age and training period an increase of the concentration of creatinin and activity of creatin kinase and lessening of the activity of alkaline fosfatase was noted. Length of training period lowers the levels of cholesterol and free fatty acids and increases the level of triglycerides in blood serum. An increase of the acttivity of creatin kinase and lactate dehydrogenase and the formation of a specific pattern of isoenzymes was observed. The pulse and lactate curve flattened and moved to the right

Effect of 6-Month Athletic Training on Motor Abilities in Seven-Year-Old Schoolgirls

The effects of six-month athletic training on improving motor abilities in 7-year-old schoolgirls were assessed. Analysis of the results of 12 motor tests showed significant improvement in the study group (n=38) in comparison with control group (n=140) subjected to conventional physical education classes only. The improvement referred to the variables of aerobic endurance (3-min run), flexibility (forward bow), explosive strength (ball throwing and 20-m run), keeping balance (bench standing), static strength (bent arm hang), and repetitive strength (sit-ups). These are probably adaptive changes brought up by discriminant functions. The varimax factor and discriminative function correlations indicated that all four factors of changes contributed significantly to the explanation of discriminative function. An almost equally high correlation of varimax factors and discriminative function was obtained on the basis of differences in the third factor responsible for changes in the frequency of movements and in the explosive strength of the jump type; in the second factor responsible for changes in coordination with changes in the repetitive strength of the body; and in the fourth factor responsible for changes in the explosive strength of the throw and sprint types with changes and endurance

Influence of the Attack End Conduction on Match Result in Handball

The influence of 18 predictive variables on final match result in the character of the criterion variable has been analyzed for the purpose to establish the significance of positional direction of the attack end conduction on the situation-related resulting successfulness in top quality handball. It has been done on the sample of 80 matches from 1999 Men , s World Handball Championship in Egypt. The frequency and the effectiveness of shooting from different playing positions are defined by these predictive variables. It is evident from investigation results that predictive variables significantly explain resulting successfulness. Significant influence on final match result is given by all variables defining the effectiveness of the realization (achieved goals), except from the pivot attacker position. Also particularly significant influence on final match result is given by variables of the realization from back attacker positions and from individual action by the break-through and from the fastbreak. Variables relating to the frequency of shooting from particular position have no significant influence on the result meaning that resulting successfulness does not depend on quantity but on quality of shots

Effect of Specially Programmed Physical and Health Education on Motor Fitness of Seven-Year-Old School Children

The efficacy of specially programmed physical and health education on the motor development of first-grade pupils was analyzed in a sample of 633 children aged 7 years. Pupils have been divided into control group consisting of 140 boys and 137 girls attending standard program of physical and health education, and in experimental group consisting of 184 boys and 172 girls attending specially programmed physical and health education. A battery of 12 motor tests has been used on two occasions separated by nine -month interval. Analysis of time-changes (by using the model of differences) pointed to the significantly greater quantitative changes in experimental group compared with control group of children. In boys, the changes are obtained for the tests of aerobic endurance, static strength, flexibility, speed, explosive strength of sprint and throw type, and equilibrium, and in girls, they are for aerobic endurance, static strength, explosive strength of throw and sprint type, flexibility, repetitive strength, speed, and equilibrium

Phylogenetically Conditioned Possibilities of the Realization and of the Development of Complex Movements at the Age of 7 Years

Upon entering a school the seven-year olds ( 2 months) underwent a systematic, experimental, specially programmed, eighteen-month-long transformational procedure. The objective of the procedure was to develop the abilities and to observe the growth and the development of children, both girls and boys. The data were processed by means of discriminant analyses in each of the three control points. There was a total sample of 487 children. With regard to the phylogenetic characteristics of a human, it may be said that the basic abilities connected with phylogenetic development may be clearly recognized, precisely in such a way that children replicate this development throughout their earliest childhood. Most probably, the basic ability was the ability to maintain a postural balance, followed by the ability of movement control. Then came object manipulation by upper extremities, followed by the significance of resistance to inertial forces while moving, and ultimately the control of complex movements of the whole body

Comparative analysis of antibiotic residue in milk using enzyme and microbiological methods

Antibiotic residue can have a harmful effect on human health and can disrupt the processing of milk and milk products. In order to prevent these unwanted effects of residue, different screening methods are used today. The basic goal of this paper is to compare screening methods performed during the testing of milk from different points of the production chain. In this paper we have comparatively analyzed three screening methods: microbiological methods - the Delvo SP test and the diffusion method with B. stearothermophilus as the test microorganism, and an enzyme method - the Penzym S test. Twenty samples of farm milk from collective tanks were analyzed, as well as 20 samples of milk from transport cisterns, 10 samples of pasteurized milk and 10 samples of sterilized market milk. Based on the comparative analysis of the diffusion method, Delvo SP test and Panzym S test, we conclude that all three methods are in hgih mutual accordance (the kappa value oscillates from nearly ideal to ideal coinciding) and thus meet one of the criteria for being included in the systematic control of milk for the presence of antibiotic residue.Rezidue antibiotika mogu štetno da deluju i na zdravlje ljudi i ometaju preradu mleka u proizvode. Da bi se sprečili ovi nepoželjni efekti rezidua, danas se koriste različite skrining metode. Osnovni zadatak ovoga rada je poređenje skrining metoda prilikom ispitivanja mleka sa različitih mesta u lancu proizvodnje. U radu smo uporedo ispitali tri skrining metode: mikrobiološke metode Delvo SP test i Difuzionu metodu sa B. stearothermophilus kao test mikroorganizmom i enzimsku metodu Penzym S test. Ispitano je 20 uzoraka mleka iz sabirnih tankova sa farme, 20 uzoraka mleka iz transportnih cisterni, 10 uzoraka pasterizovanog mleka i 10 uzoraka sterilizovanog mleka iz prometa. Na osnovu uporednih ispitivanja Difuzione metode, Delvo SP testa i Penzym S testa zaključujemo da su sve tri metode u visokoj međusobnoj saglasnosti (kappa vrednost se kreće od skoro idealne podudarnosti do idealne podudarnosti) i time ispunjavaju jedan od kriterijuma za uključivanje u sistematsku kontrolu mleka na prisustvo rezidua antibiotika

Influence of the Attack End Conduction on Match Result in Handball

The influence of 18 predictive variables on final match result in the character of the criterion variable has been analyzed for the purpose to establish the significance of positional direction of the attack end conduction on the situation-related resulting successfulness in top quality handball. It has been done on the sample of 80 matches from 1999 Men , s World Handball Championship in Egypt. The frequency and the effectiveness of shooting from different playing positions are defined by these predictive variables. It is evident from investigation results that predictive variables significantly explain resulting successfulness. Significant influence on final match result is given by all variables defining the effectiveness of the realization (achieved goals), except from the pivot attacker position. Also particularly significant influence on final match result is given by variables of the realization from back attacker positions and from individual action by the break-through and from the fastbreak. Variables relating to the frequency of shooting from particular position have no significant influence on the result meaning that resulting successfulness does not depend on quantity but on quality of shots

Effect of 6-Month Athletic Training on Motor Abilities in Seven-Year-Old Schoolgirls

The effects of six-month athletic training on improving motor abilities in 7-year-old schoolgirls were assessed. Analysis of the results of 12 motor tests showed significant improvement in the study group (n=38) in comparison with control group (n=140) subjected to conventional physical education classes only. The improvement referred to the variables of aerobic endurance (3-min run), flexibility (forward bow), explosive strength (ball throwing and 20-m run), keeping balance (bench standing), static strength (bent arm hang), and repetitive strength (sit-ups). These are probably adaptive changes brought up by discriminant functions. The varimax factor and discriminative function correlations indicated that all four factors of changes contributed significantly to the explanation of discriminative function. An almost equally high correlation of varimax factors and discriminative function was obtained on the basis of differences in the third factor responsible for changes in the frequency of movements and in the explosive strength of the jump type; in the second factor responsible for changes in coordination with changes in the repetitive strength of the body; and in the fourth factor responsible for changes in the explosive strength of the throw and sprint types with changes and endurance

Coupled wake boundary layer model of wind-farms

We present and test the coupled wake boundary layer (CWBL) model that describes the distribution of the power output in a wind-farm. The model couples the traditional, industry-standard wake model approach with a "top-down" model for the overall wind-farm boundary layer structure. This wake model captures the effect of turbine positioning, while the "top-down" portion of the model adds the interactions between the wind-turbine wakes and the atmospheric boundary layer. Each portion of the model requires specification of a parameter that is not known a-priori. For the wake model, the wake expansion coefficient is required, while the "top-down" model requires an effective spanwise turbine spacing within which the model's momentum balance is relevant. The wake expansion coefficient is obtained by matching the predicted mean velocity at the turbine from both approaches, while the effective spanwise turbine spacing depends on turbine positioning and thus can be determined from the wake model. Coupling of the constitutive components of the CWBL model is achieved by iterating these parameters until convergence is reached. We illustrate the performance of the model by applying it to both developing wind-farms including entrance effects and to fully developed (deep-array) conditions. Comparisons of the CWBL model predictions with results from a suite of large eddy simulations (LES) shows that the model closely represents the results obtained in these high-fidelity numerical simulations. A comparison with measured power degradation at the Horns Rev and Nysted wind-farms shows that the model can also be successfully applied to real wind-farms.Comment: 25 pages, 21 figures, submitted to Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy on July 18, 201