The use of modified atmosphere packaging for improvement shelf life of fresh Oncorhynchus mykiss

In this study, influence of modified atmosphere packaging on shelf life of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (whole fish without visceral and without head and tail fish) stored in 4 to 6ºc was examined. Fish stored in MAP condition and control samples, in different time, were tested for spoilage chemical factors (TVN, PV and pH), microbial parameters (total viable count, clostridium botulinum) and sensory factors too. Mixed gases including co2 (30-50%), N2 (40-65%) and o2 (0 to 20%) were used for trout (without head and tail =6 treatments) and (whole fish without visceral and control = 2 treatments) statistical the analysis results showed that examined factors were significant difference during storage (P<0.001). Mixed gases haven t had inhibitory effect on spoilage factors (chemical and microbial parameters). However spoilage process was delayed. Increasing of chemical and microbial changes in control samples was higher than treatment samples especially TVN. The results also showed that shelf life of control samples stored 4-6ºc were between 6-12 days but in MAP samples were 19 days. Mixed gases including CO2 (40%), N2 (55%) and O2 (5%) were the best formula and the shelf life of fish (without head and tail) was 16 days where it was 19 days in whole fish (Lack of visceral). The results showed that storage of trout in MAP condition facilities storage and increasing of fish shelf life too

Single cell protein production from culture and marine fish wastes

The alarming rate of population growth has increased the demand for food production in third-world countries leading to a yawning gap in demand and supply. This has led to an increase in the number of hungry and chronically malnourished people. This situation has created a demand for the formulation of innovative and alternative proteinaceous food sources. Single cell protein production is a major step in this direction. SCP is the protein extracted from cultivated microbial biomass. Algae, fungi and bacteria are the chief sources of microbial protein that can be utilized as SCP. Produced proteins from these microbes have various nutrition values. SCP is the manufacture of cell mass using microorganisms by culturing on available agriculture, industrial wastes and fisheries by products. Fish wastes due to high protein are the most important substrates for SCP production. In this study, SCP production was done from Silver carp and tuna fish wastes (head, tail and vise versa) and cooked water of canned tuna factories. The used microbes were six genus and species of yeasts include Candida utilis, Saccharomyces cereviceae, Rhodotorula, Khyveromyces marxians, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and Bacillus subtilis and B.licheniformis. The examination was done in bench scale and CSTR bioreactor (Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor). The effects of various parameters such as pH, temperature, time, supplemented substrates, method of inoculation of microbes, rpm were evaluated. Changes of microbial growth and protein contents were tested by using Optical Density (OD) and Makrokjeldal methods respectively. In end of examination, produced protein were extracted and lyophilized. The results showed that protein percentage in bacterial protein was than yeast protein but wet percentage in bacterial protein was low. Production value produced from tuna fish wastes was higher than (30-45 g/l) to Silver carp wastes (25-29 g/l) and cooked water (10-15 g/l). By adding supplemented substrates, production value has been increased. Candida utilis, in comparison other yeasts, has high activation. B.licheniformis has also had more activation than Bacillus subtilis. The results of the effect some parameters on fermentation showed that yeasts and Bacillus in pH= 5.4 and 32oC and pH=6.9 and 35oC were better than growth pH=6 and 25oC and pH=6.5 and 30oC respectively. Time of fermentation in batch and bioreactor was 54 and 21 hours respectively. High rpm has been caused increasing of microbial growth in bioreactor. The conclusion showed that with optimizing of the growth condition such as some parameters (pH, temperature, substrates and so on) produced SCP with high efficiency. However, produced SCP should be exanimated with other specific tests such as amino acid and fatty acid profiles, minerals, nucleic acids and so on. After full examination, this SCP as probiotic could be used in fish and poultry feed

Determination of pollution condition in Babolroud River from viewpoint of pesticides and agrochemicals fertilizers

Babolroud River is one of the important rivers for fisheries and environmental aspect that locared in center part of Mazandaran province. The river has a span of 92 km starting from Albourz mountainous and end up at the southern part of Caspian Sea. This study was done for five months (3rd Feb. through 5th July, 2008) for the better understanding of pollution situation such as organophosphorous, organochlorine pesticides and agrochemical fertilizer that drainage from paddy fields and horticultures to the river. A total of three main sites for pesticides and plus five sub-sites for drainage were selected for observation in three different regions of the river (mountainous, plain and estuary). The organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticides measured by GC (ECD and TSD detectors) with US-EPA (508) and AOAC procedure and agrochemical fertilizer parameters were measured by ASTM method. The maximum concentrations of aldrin, lindane, heptachlor epoxyde, DDE and β- BHC (period 1), δ- BHC and endrin (peiod 2), heptachlor and DDT (period 3), α- BHC (period 3 & 4), dieldrin (period 4) were 6.02, 0.85, 0.51, 0.50, 0.22, 0.35, 0.23, 0.50, 0.46, 0.19 and 0.16 µg/l, respectively. The maximum concentrations of four components of organophosphorous such as Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos (period 1), Malathion (period 2), Azinphos methyl (period 3) were 1.36, 0.46, 0.44 and 2.56 µg/l, respectively. The maximum amounts of tree components of parameters of agrochemichals fertilizers indictor such as total nitrogen (period 2, sub-site 5), total phosphorus and orthophosphate (period 4, sub-site 5) and organo-phosphorus (period 3, sub-site 4) were 5990, 1290, 1220 and 336 µg/l, respectively. The maximum concentrations of organochlorine pesticides components in sediments of the river such as lindane (period 2, site 2), δ- BHC (period 1 site 3), α- endosulfan (period 1, site 2), endrin and heptachlor epoxide (period 2, site 2) and DDE (period 2, site 1) were 0.99 0.54, 0.29, 0.19 and 0.19 µg/l, respectively. The maximum concentrations of organochlorine pesticides components in fish tissue of the river such as endosulfan sulfate, lindane, endrin, δ- BHC and DDE were 0.32, 0.29 0.27, 0.25 and 0.21 µg/l, respectively

A study on environmental pollutants (Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), heavy metals, hydrocarbons and surfactants) in the southern part of Caspian Sea

At the present study, the environmental pollutants such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), heavy metals, hydrocarbons and surfactants were done during 22 months (Sept. 2009 through May 2011) located in southern part of Caspian Sea with longitude and latitude 48°-54° N and 36°-39° E, respectively. The aims of this study were to determine the seasonal pollutants matters in water layers and bed sediments of eight transect (24 stations) and the results are as follow: The maximum seasonal percentage range of OCPs were detected in spring water samples from 10, 50, and 50m depths such as (DDD, δ-BHC, heptachlor epoxide, endrin aldehyde),(DDD) and (aldrin, β-endosulfan) compounds about 62.5, 75 and 100%, respectively. The maximum seasonal residues fluctuation of OCPs were determined in spring water samples from 10, 50, and 50m depths such as aldrin (Babolsar station), aldrin (Tonekabon station) and heptachlor epoxide (Astara station) compounds about 5.03, 3.08 and 31.43 µg/l, respectively. The maximum percentage range of OCPs were detected in sediments samples from 10, 50, and 50m depths such as aldrin and α-BHC (winter), α-BHC (summer and winter) and aldrin (summer) compounds about 100, 75 and 87.5%, respectively. The maximum residues fluctuation of OCPs were determined in sediments samples from 10, 50, and 50m depths such as α-BHC (summer in Nushahr station), α-BHC (summer in Sefidroud station) and α-BHC (winter in Tonekabon station) and compounds about 5.96, 3.77 and 3.07 µg/l, respectively. The fluctuation and distribution of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs) concentration in different water layers samples were reduced from summer>spring> fall > winter, respectively. Also this trend occurred for bed sediments and reduced from winter > summer, respectively. The mean concentrations of TPHs in water samples of all seasons, regions, depths and transects were less than maximum permissible concentration (MPC). In this research, a comparison of TPHs with EPA standards shown that the desile range organic (DRO) was close to EPA standards such as TPHs and also 95 percent of water data were less than MPC. But gasoline range organic (GRO) concentrations in all stations were less than the amount of EPA standard. A comparison of TPHs concentration in sediments shown that the concentration of all stations were less than of national research council (NRC) range except west part. The maximum annual mean concentrations of Hg and Pb elements were detected in surface station (50m) at Nushahr and Amirabad transects. The most water data of Cd, Pb and Hg elements in comparison with critical concentrations with Europe, the USA and Japan standards were less than amounts of those standards. The distribution and abundance of Cd, Pb, Hg and Ni elements in water samples were detected 98, 96, 77 and 6%, respectively less than the ISQGs (Interim marine sediment quality guidelines) standards. In sediments samples, the mean and maximum concentration of Hg element detected in winter in comparison with ISQGs standards was more. But the concentrations of Cd and Pb in sediments samples of all stations were low and less than of ISQGs standards. The maximum concentration of linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) from spring through winter in Anzali (spring), Tonekabon (summer), Anzali (fall) and Nushahr (winter) were 0.07, 0.45, 0.145 and 0.087 mg/l, respectively. The maximum concentrations of LSA were detected in spring and fall in west part and summer and winter in middle part. But the lower concentration was occurred in west of southern part of Caspian Sea. According to standards of surfactants and comparison with LAS concentration of this study were less than the critical points

Determination of oil pollutant (water, sediment and fish) in the southern part of Caspian Sea

This study was conducted to determine 16 Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (16 PAHs) concentrations in water (during four seasons) and surface sediments (during summer and winter) at eight transects (Astara, Anzali, Sefidroud, Tonekabon, Nowshahr, Babolsar, Amirabad and Turkman) in the southern of Caspian Sea in 20102011. 94 samples of water and 45 samples of surface sediments were collected at 10, 50 and 100 meters depths. In addition, 28 samples of fish (Cyprinus Carpio) were collected during winter and spring. All samples were prepared by Soxhlet and extracting processes and then determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) instrument. Results of current study showed that mean concentration and standard error (±SE) of 16PAHs water were observed 232 (±77), 1268 (±808), 538 (±190) and 151 (±53) µg/l in spring, summer, fall and winter, respectively. In addition, annual mean contents and standard error (±SE) of 16PAHs water were registered 24.10 (±8.12) µg/l. The Hazard Quotation (HQs) were calculated more than unit and belong to Benzo(a)pyrene and Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene compounds. Mean concentration and standard error (±SE) of 16PAHs sediment were observed 0.77 (±0.23) and 1.21 (±0.64) µg/g.dw in summer and winter, respectively. Also, the annual mean contents and standard error (±SE) of surface sediments were observed 0.93 (±0.33) µg/g.dw. The Hazard Quotation (HQs) were calculated more than unit and belong to Fluoranthene, Benzo(a)anthracene, Chryseneand Benzo(a)pyrene. The annual mean contents and standard error (±SE) of edible tissue of Cyprinus Carpio mussels were observed 2.21 (±0.42) µg/g.dw. Annually, pattern of 16PAH compounds were obtained 10, 70, 12 and 8% for 3,4,5, and 6 rings, respectively. Four ring compounds had high content and percentage and 2 ring was not observed in all samples of water. Also, pattern of 16PAH in surface sediments were obtained 31, 56 and 14% for 3, 4, and 5 rings, respectively. Four ring compounds had high content and percentage and 2 and 6 rings were not observed in all samples of surface sediments during two seasons. Result of Diagnostic Ratios analysis (DRs) of sediments showed that the source of oil compounds were petrogenic and pyrogenic in summer and winter, respectively. Based on DRs in water and sediments were observed oil compounds were either petrogenic or pyrogenic with different percentage in the southern Caspian Sea. In conclusion, the results revealed that in the some transects the 16PAHs concentrations of water were above the threshold levels and more petrogenic (85%) sources which represented polluted condition in this area. 16PAHs concentrations of sediments were below the threshold levels and conditions for this region were showed unpolluted. Also, the Caspian Sea sediments were classified in Class 2 (Fair). According to results of the evaluation’s risks to human health associated with consumption of the mussels containing 16PAHs suggest that there is risk for humans

Cation exchange dynamics confined in a synthetic clay mineral

In this work we report X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) measurements to investigate the confined cation exchange process in saline aqueous suspensions of a synthetic clay mineral from Lithium-Fluorohectorite to Nickel-Fluorohectorite, as well as the reverse process from Nickel-Fluorohectorite to Lithium-Fluorohectorite and also from Lithium-Fluorohectorite to Sodium-Fluorohectorite. The dynamics of these cation exchanges was followed and it was observed that these processes can be faster than 1 minute. The results are compared to the observations on samples prepared by cation exchange procedures for which the exchange process was performed on the time-scale of months

Cation Exchange Dynamics Confined In A Synthetic Clay Mineral

In this work we report X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) measurements to investigate the confined cation exchange process in saline aqueous suspensions of a synthetic clay mineral from Lithium-Fluorohectorite to Nickel-Fluorohectorite, as well as the reverse process from Nickel-Fluorohectorite to Lithium-Fluorohectorite and also from Lithium-Fluorohectorite to Sodium-Fluorohectorite. The dynamics of these cation exchanges was followed and it was observed that these processes can be faster than 1 minute. The results are compared to the observations on samples prepared by cation exchange procedures for which the exchange process was performed on the time-scale of months.223918831893Bergaya, F., Theng, B.K.G., Lagaly, G., (2006) (eds.), Handbook of Clay Science, , Elsevier, Amsterdam:Hines, D.R., Seidler, G.T., Treacy, M.M.J., Solin, S.A., (1997) Solid State Commun., 101, p. 835Dommersnes, P., Rozynek, Z., Mikkelsen, A., Castberg, R., Kjerstad, K., Hersvik, K., Otto Fossum, J., (2013) Nat. Commun., 4, p. 2066Solin, S.A., (1984) J. Mol. Catal., 27, p. 293Fossum, J.O., (1999) Phys. A Stat. Mech., 270, p. 270Hemmen, H., Alme, L.R., Fossum, J.O., Meheust, Y., (2010) Phys. Rev. E, 82, p. 036315McBride, M.B., Pinnavaia, T.J., Mortland, M., (1975) Am. Miner., 60, p. 66Tang, L., Sparks, D.L., (1993) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 57, p. 42Chisholm-Brause, C., Conradson, S.D., Buscher, C.T., Eller, P.G., Morris, D.E., (1994) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, p. 3625Verburg, K., Baveye, P., McBride, M.B., (1995) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 59, p. 1268Papelis, C., Haynes, K.F., (1996) Colloids Surf. A, 107, p. 89Muller, F., Besson, G., Manceau, A., Drits, V.A., (1997) Phys. Chem. Miner., 24, p. 159Schlegel, M.L., Charlet, L., Manceau, A., (1999) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 220, p. 392Løvoll, G., Sandnes, B., Méheust, Y., Måløy, K.J., Fossum, J.O., da Silva, G.J., Mundim, M.S.P., Fonseca, D.M., (2005) Phys. B Condens. Matter, 370, p. 90da Silva, G., Fossum, J., DiMasi, E., Måløy, K., Lutnæs, S., (2002) Phys. Rev. E, 66, p. 011303Gast, in Miner. Soil Environ., edited by J.B. Dixon, S.B. Weed (Soil Science Society of America, Madison WI, 1977, p. 27Comans, R.N.J., (1987) Wat. Res., 21, p. 1573Bourg, A.C.M., Filby, R.H., (1976) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 40, p. 1573Fujii, R., Corey, R.B., (1986) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 50, p. 306Chan, E.M., Marcus, M.A., Fakra, S., ElNaggar, M.S., Mathies, R.A., Alivisatos, A.P., (2007) J. Phys. Chem. A, 111, p. 12210Hemmen, H., Rolseth, E.G., Fonseca, D.M., Hansen, E.L., Fossum, J.O., Plivelic, T.S., (2012) Langmuir, 28, p. 1678Ghadiri, M., Hau, H., Chrzanowski, W., Agus, H., Rohanizadeh, R., (2013) RSC Adv., 3, p. 20193Tenorio, R., Alme, L.R., Engelsberg, M., Fossum, J.O., Hallwass, F., (2008) J. Phys. Chem. C, 112, p. 575Tenório, R.P., Engelsberg, M., Fossum, J.O., da Silva, G.J., (2010) Langmuir, 26, p. 9703Zegeye, A., Yahaya, S., Fialips, C.I., White, M.L., Gray, N.D., Manning, D.C., (2013) Appl. Clay Sci., 86, p. 47da Silva, G., Fossum, J., DiMasi, E., Måløy, K., (2003) Phys. Rev. B, 67, p. 094114Hansen, E.L., Hemmen, H., Fonseca, D.M., Coutant, C., Knudsen, K.D., Plivelic, T.S., Bonn, D., Fossum, J.O., (2012) Sci. Rep., 2, p. 618Michels, L., Ribeiro, L., Mundim, M.S.P., Sousa, M.H., Droppa, R., Jr., Fossum, J.O., da Silva, G.J., Mundim, K.C., (2014) Appl. Clay Sci., 96, p. 60Skipper, N.T., Soper, A.K., McConnell, J.D.C., Refson, K., (1990) Chem. Phys. Lett., 166, p. 141Kolta, G.A., Novak, I., El-Tawil, S.Z., El-Barawy, K.A., (1976) J. Appl. Chem. Biotechnol., 26, p. 355Srasra, E., Bergaya, F., Van Damme, H., Ariguib, N.K., (1989) Appl. Clay Sci., 4, p. 411Lambert, J.-F., Poncelet, G., (1997) Top. Catal., 4, p. 43Cicel, B., Komadel, P., Madison WI, 1994, p. 114Wiedemann, E., Heintz, A., Lichtenthaler, R.N., (1998) J. Memb. Sci., 141, p. 215Sridhar, P., Subramaniam, G., (1989) J. Memb. Sci., 45, p. 273Dähn, R., Scheidegger, A., (2002) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 66, p. 2335Oztekin, Y., Yazicigil, Z., (2007) Desalination, 212, p. 62Tanaka, Y., Moon, S.-H., Nikonenko, V.V., Xu, T., (2012) Int. J. Chem. Eng., 2012, p. 1Strathmann, H., Grabowski, A., Eigenberger, G., (2013) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 52, p. 10364Bordallo, H.N., Aldrige, L.P., Churchman, G.J., Gates, W.P., Telling, M.T., Kiefer, K., Fouquet, P., Kimber, S.A.J., (2008) J. Phys. Chem., 112, p. 13982Gates, W.P., Bordallo, H.N., Aldridge, L.P., Seydel, T., Jacobsen, H., Marry, V., Churchman, G.J., (2012) J. Phys. Chem. C, 116, p. 555