Localized Gradual Photomediated Brightness and Lifetime Increase of Superacid Treated Monolayer MoS2_2

Monolayer semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (S-TMDs) have been extensively studied as materials for next-generation optoelectronic devices due to their direct band gap and high exciton binding energy at room temperature. Under a superacid treatment of bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (TFSI), sulfur-based TMDs such as MoS$_2$ can emit strong photoluminescence (PL) with photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) approaching unity. However, the magnitude of PL enhancement varies by more than two orders of magnitude in published reports. A major culprit behind the discrepancy is sulfur-based TMD's sensitivity to above band-gap photostimulation. Here, we present a detailed study of how TFSI-treated MoS$_2$ reacts to photostimulation with increasing PL occurring hours after constant or pulsed laser exposure. The PL of TFSI-treated MoS$_2$ is enhanced up to 74 times its initial intensity after 5 hours of continuous exposure to 532nm laser light. Photostimulation also enhances the PL of untreated MoS$_2$ but with a much smaller enhancement. Caution should be taken when probing MoS$_2$ PL spectra as above-bandgap light can alter the resulting intensity and peak wavelength of the emission over time. The presence of air is verified to play a key role in the photostimulated enhancement effect. Additionally, the rise of PL intensity is mirrored by an increase in measured carrier lifetime of up to ~400ps consistent with the suppression of non-radiative pathways. This work demonstrates why variations in PL intensity are observed across samples and provides an understanding of the changes in carrier lifetimes to better engineer next-generation optoelectronic devices.Comment: Main document: 15 pages, 4 figures. Supplemental document: 12 pages, 7 figure

Validity of the N\'{e}el-Arrhenius model for highly anisotropic Co_xFe_{3-x}O_4 nanoparticles

We report a systematic study on the structural and magnetic properties of Co_{x}Fe_{3-x}O_{4} magnetic nanoparticles with sizes between $5$ to $25$ nm, prepared by thermal decomposition of Fe(acac)_{3} and Co(acac)_{2}. The large magneto-crystalline anisotropy of the synthesized particles resulted in high blocking temperatures ($42$ K \leqq $T_B$ $\leqq 345$ K for $5 \leqq$ d $\leqq 13$ nm ) and large coercive fields ($H_C \approxeq 1600$ kA/m for $T = 5$ K). The smallest particles ($=5$ nm) revealed the existence of a magnetically hard, spin-disordered surface. The thermal dependence of static and dynamic magnetic properties of the whole series of samples could be explained within the N\'{e}el-Arrhenius relaxation framework without the need of ad-hoc corrections, by including the thermal dependence of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant $K_1(T)$ through the empirical Br\"{u}khatov-Kirensky relation. This approach provided $K_1(0)$ values very similar to the bulk material from either static or dynamic magnetic measurements, as well as realistic values for the response times ($\tau_0 \simeq 10^{-10}$ s). Deviations from the bulk anisotropy values found for the smallest particles could be qualitatively explained based on Zener\'{}s relation between $K_1(T)$ and M(T)

A cross-sectional study of factors associated with dog ownership in Tanzania

Background: Mass vaccination of owned domestic dogs is crucial for the control of rabies in sub-Saharan Africa. Knowledge of the proportion of households which own dogs, and of the factors associated with dog ownership, is important for the planning and implementation of rabies awareness and dog vaccination programmes, and for the promotion of responsible dog ownership. This paper reports the results of a cross-sectional study of dog ownership by households in urban and rural communities in the United Republic of Tanzania. Results: Fourteen percent (202) of 1,471 households surveyed were identified as dog-owning, with an average of 2.4 dogs per dog-owning household. The percentage of dog-owning households was highest in inland rural areas (24%) and lowest in coastal urban communities (7%). The overall human: dog ratio was 14: 1. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that households which owned cattle, sheep or goats were much more likely to own dogs than households with no livestock. Muslim households were less likely to own dogs than Christian households, although this effect of religion was not seen among livestock-owning households. Households were more likely to own a dog if the head of the household was male; if they owned a cat; or if they owned poultry. Dog ownership was also broadly associated with larger, wealthier households. Conclusion: The human: dog ratios in Tanzania are similar to those reported elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa, although cultural and geographic variation is evident. Estimation of the number of owned dogs, and identification of household predictors of dog ownership, will enable targeted planning of rabies control effort

Landau Level Crossings and Extended-State Mapping in Magnetic Two-dimensional Electron Gases

We present longitudinal and Hall magneto-resistance measurements of a ``magnetic'' two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) formed in modulation-doped Zn$_{1-x-y}$Cd$_{x}$Mn$_{y}$Se quantum wells. The electron spin splitting is temperature and magnetic field dependent, resulting in striking features as Landau levels of opposite spin cross near the Fermi level. Magnetization measurements on the same sample probe the total density of states and Fermi energy, allowing us to fit the transport data using a model involving extended states centered at each Landau level and two-channel conduction for spin-up and spin-down electrons. A mapping of the extended states over the whole quantum Hall effect regime shows no floating of extended states as Landau levels cross near the Fermi level.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.

Damping of micromechanical structures by paramagnetic relaxation

We find that the damping of micromechanical cantilevers is sensitive to the relaxation dynamics of paramagnetic ions contained within the levers. We measure cantilevers containing paramagnetic Mn ions as a function of temperature, magnetic field, and the vibrational mode of the lever and find that the levers damping is strongly enhanced by the interplay between the motion of the lever, the ions magnetic anisotropy, and the ratio of the ions longitudinal relaxation rate to the resonance frequency of the cantilever. This enhancement can improve the levers ability to probe the relaxation behavior of paramagnetic or superparamagetic systems; it may also represent a previously unrecognized source of intrinsic dissipation in micromechanical structures.Comment: Accepted for publication, Applied Physics Letters. 11 pages, 3 figure

Obstetric care models in the Southern Region of Brazil and associated factors

The study sought to identify obstetric care models for low-risk pregnancies in the Southern Region of Brazil and to estimate factors associated with these models and maternal and neonatal outcomes. This is a cross-sectional, hospital-based study using data from the Birth in Brazil survey regarding puerperae and newborns. We identified 2,668 low-risk pregnant women. We carried out an exploratory analysis using the proportion of practices per hospital, among them inducing labor, presence of a companion, cesarean section and skin-to-skin contact, in order to obtain the care models we called Best Practice, Interventionist I and Interventionist II. We then carried out an inferential analysis of the associated characteristics. Results show that access to public or private funding, cultural factors and actions taken by health professional are associated with the care models. Public care had different contexts, one based on public policies and evidence-based practices; and another, that suggests the intentionality of vaginal delivery without considering humanization principles. Private care, on the other hand, is standardized and centered on the medical professional, with higher intervention levels. We conclude there is a predominance of interventionist obstetric care models in the Southern Region of Brazil, a type of care that goes against the best evidence, and that women who receive care in public hospitals have greater chances of benefiting from good practices

A group-galaxy cross-correlation function analysis in zCOSMOS

We present a group-galaxy cross-correlation analysis using a group catalog produced from the 16,500 spectra from the optical zCOSMOS galaxy survey. Our aim is to perform a consistency test in the redshift range 0.2 < z < 0.8 between the clustering strength of the groups and mass estimates that are based on the richness of the groups. We measure the linear bias of the groups by means of a group-galaxy cross-correlation analysis and convert it into mass using the bias-mass relation for a given cosmology, checking the systematic errors using realistic group and galaxy mock catalogs. The measured bias for the zCOSMOS groups increases with group richness as expected by the theory of cosmic structure formation and yields masses that are reasonably consistent with the masses estimated from the richness directly, considering the scatter that is obtained from the 24 mock catalogs. An exception are the richest groups at high redshift (estimated to be more massive than 10^13.5 M_sun), for which the measured bias is significantly larger than for any of the 24 mock catalogs (corresponding to a 3-sigma effect), which is attributed to the extremely large structure that is present in the COSMOS field at z ~ 0.7. Our results are in general agreement with previous studies that reported unusually strong clustering in the COSMOS field.Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures, published in Ap

Dynamical electron transport through a nanoelectromechanical wire in a magnetic field

We investigate dynamical transport properties of interacting electrons moving in a vibrating nanoelectromechanical wire in a magnetic field. We have built an exactly solvable model in which electric current and mechanical oscillation are treated fully quantum mechanically on an equal footing. Quantum mechanically fluctuating Aharonov-Bohm phases obtained by the electrons cause nontrivial contribution to mechanical vibration and electrical conduction of the wire. We demonstrate our theory by calculating the admittance of the wire which are influenced by the multiple interplay between the mechanical and the electrical energy scales, magnetic field strength, and the electron-electron interaction