11 research outputs found
LICSTER -- A Low-cost ICS Security Testbed for Education and Research
Unnoticed by most people, Industrial Control Systems (ICSs) control entire
productions and critical infrastructures such as water distribution, smart grid
and automotive manufacturing. Due to the ongoing digitalization, these systems
are becoming more and more connected in order to enable remote control and
monitoring. However, this shift bears significant risks, namely a larger attack
surface, which can be exploited by attackers. In order to make these systems
more secure, it takes research, which is, however, difficult to conduct on
productive systems, since these often have to operate twenty-four-seven.
Testbeds are mostly very expensive or based on simulation with no real-world
physical process. In this paper, we introduce LICSTER, an open-source low-cost
ICS testbed, which enables researchers and students to get hands-on experience
with industrial security for about 500 Euro. We provide all necessary material
to quickly start ICS hacking, with the focus on low-cost and open-source for
education and research
Physical frailty deteriorates after a 5âday dexamethasone course in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, results of a national prospective study
Abstract Background Dexamethasone is important in the treatment for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) but induces muscle atrophy with negative consequences for muscle mass, muscle strength, and functional abilities. The aim of this study was to establish the effect of a dexamethasone course on sarcopenia and physical frailty in children with ALL, and to explore prognostic factors. Methods Patients with ALL aged 3â18âyears were included during maintenance therapy. Patients had a sarcopenia/frailty assessment on the first day of (T1) and on the day after (T2) a 5âday dexamethasone course. Sarcopenia was defined as low muscle strength in combination with low muscle mass. Prefrailty and frailty were defined as having two or â„three of the following components, respectively: low muscle mass, low muscle strength, fatigue, slow walking speed, and low physical activity. Chiâsquared and paired tâtests were used to assess differences between T1 and T2. Logistic regression models were estimated to explore patientâ and therapyârelated prognostic factors for frailty on T2. Results We included 105 patients, 61% were boys. Median age was 5.3âyears (range: 3â18.8). At T1, sarcopenia, prefrailty, and frailty were observed in respectively 2.8%, 23.5%, and 4.2% of patients. At T2, the amount of patients with frailty had increased to 17.7% (pâ=â0.002), whereas the number of patients with sarcopenia and prefrailty remained similar. Higher ASMM (odds ratio [OR]: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.28â0.83), stronger handgrip strength (OR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.22â0.77) and more physical activity minutes per day (OR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96â0.99) decreased the risk of frailty at T2. Slower walking performance (OR: 2, 95% CI: 1.2â3.39) increased the risk. Fatigue levels at T1 were not associated with frailty at T2. Conclusion Physical frailty increased strikingly after a 5âdays dexamethasone course in children with ALL. Children with poor physical state at start of the dexamethasone course were more likely to be frail after the course