IMPACT OF IONOSPHERIC HORIZONTAL ASYMMETRY ON ELECTRON DENSITY PROFILES DERIVED BY GNSS RADIO OCCULTATION

The ‘Onion-peeling' algorithm is a very common technique used to invert Radio Occultation (RO) data in the ionosphere. Because of the implicit assumption of spherical symmetry for the electron density distribution in the ionosphere, the standard Onion-peeling algorithm could give erroneous concentration values in the retrieved electron density profile. In particular, this happens when strong horizontal ionospheric electron density gradients are present, like for example in the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) region during high solar activity periods. In this work, using simulated RO TEC data computed by means of the NeQuick2 ionospheric electron density model and ideal RO geometries, we tried to formulate and evaluate an asymmetry level indicator for quasi-horizontal radio occultation observations. This asymmetry index is based on the electron density variation that a ray may experience along its propagation path (satellite to satellite link) in a RO event. Our previous qualitative assessment based on ideal simulations of RO events shows very high correlation between our asymmetry index and Onion-peeling retrieval errors (Shaikh M.M. et al 2013): errors produced by Onion-peeling in the retrieval of NmF2 and VTEC are larger at the geographical locations where our asymmetry index indicates high asymmetry in the ionosphere. In this contribution, an analysis of the asymmetry index has been carried out for the first time using real radio occultation geometries taken from COSMIC mission. This has been done for COSMIC events for which, considering the same RO geometry, simulated Limb-TEC (LTEC) under NeQuick2 background were quite close to the real LTEC observations (providing ‘quasi' co-located vertical profiles of electron density after inversion). On the basis of the outcomes of our work, for a given geometry of a real RO event and using a suitable ionospheric model, we will try to investigate the possibility to predict ionospheric asymmetry expected for the particular RO geometry considered. We could also try to evaluate, in advance, its impact on the inverted electron density profile, providing an indication of the expected product quality, if standard Onion-peelingalgorithm will be adopted to invert the observables. Results presented in this paper are initial outcomes based on our asymmetry evaluation algorith

Quantification of factors influencing productivity using AHP: An approach towards productivity improvement.

Improvement in productivity level plays a major role in the organisation success and securing the objectives of the organisation. The aim of this paper is to quantify the factors influencing productivity of power loom industry and suggest suitable improvement techniques for the same. By reviewing the literature based on factors affecting productivity and productivity improvement, factors from different scholars were listed. Later experts were asked to identify and group the factors related to power loom industry. By utilizing the acquired factors from the experts a questionnaire was formed which was used as an input for AHP process. Based on the results of AHP process in the form of weights of different factors, the most important factors were identified and prioritized using the ranking method. The important factors were the human resource factor which influenced 55% to productivity followed by process factor 20%. The lean philosophy is best suited in order to control these factors and improve productivity [9] and [30].Hence suitable techniques from the lean philosophy which can be applied to power loom industry are identified. The application of these techniques can assure improvement in the productivity of power loom industry. Keywords: Power loom, productivity, critical success factors, AHP

A Study of Authentication Scheme for Wireless Access Network using APEA Framework

In case of wireless access networks significantly changes the way we live and work, bringing us closer anywhere at any time. Security, privacy, accountability, and efficiency issues are of most concern in such networks. because of need and importance, little research has been conducted on designing accountable and privacy-preserving authentication schemes for wireless access networks, and this motivates us to develop an authentication framework, namely APEA using Attribute Based Encryption, that defines new form of APEA while Existing version of APEA integrates a key management protocol, where key transfer mechanism is more complicated , time consuming and less secure In our proposed approach attribute based encryption does is that, it effectively binds the access-control policy to the data and the users(clients) instead of having a server mediating access to files. An effective approach to simultaneously achieve the four goals without involving any trusted third party. However, with the requirement of wireless area network security solution, this paper presents the various techniques on WAN authentication with certain constraints and analyzes their strengths and weaknesses

Comparison of cephalometric norms of esthetically pleasing faces

OBJECTIVE: To establish cephalometric norms of a sample of aesthetically pleasing Pakistani faces and to analyze differences and similarities with accepted standards for Caucasians. STUDY DESIGN: Analytical cross sectional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Carried out at Alvi Dental Hospital, Karachi, from August 2007 to February 2008. METHODOLOGY: Cephalometric tracings were analyzed on a sample of 40 (20 males and 20 females) Pakistani young adults, aged 18-25 years, with full complement of permanent teeth, no previous orthodontic treatment and pleasing profile. To check the reliability of the measurements, 20 randomly selected cephalograms were retraced. None of the measurements showed a significant difference. Student\u27s \u27t\u27 test was applied for overall group comparisons. P-value of \u3c 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: When compared with some classical standards, the results suggest that the Pakistani sample had greater cranial lengths (p \u3c 0.001), shorter faces anteriorly (p \u3c 0.001), and tended towards bimaxillary dental protrusion with more prominent chin (p \u3c 0.001). Males had greater antero-posterior, horizontal and vertical measurements (p \u3c 0.001). Females showed more dental protrusion (p \u3c 0.01). CONCLUSION: Comparisons revealed statistically significant differences in most variables between Pakistanis and Caucasians and between Pakistani males and females. Pakistanis have distinct cephalometric features, which should be used as a reference in treating Pakistani orthodontic and orthognathic surgery patients

ARM Based Security & Safety System for Base Transceiver Station

The main aim of this system is for Maintenance, Safety & Security of Base Transceiver Station (BTS) site and the tower . The major problems faced include the theft of Wires & Diesel , the fluctuation of Temperatures, unauthorized person entry, unnoticedfuel amount ,Current taken by load and the technician’s time management. The instant message about the each activity happening in the site given byGSM modem. The temperature sensors will sense the temperature of the room and if it rises above the threshold value the GSM module will send the message to the mobile. Thetemperature values are displayed on LCD, the controller gives command to cooling Fan to ON & Real time Images recording on PC by using MATLAB software with GUI .The cell site Base Transceiver Station (BTS) which are operated by Diesel generator .When the fuel level goes below the set value a message is sent to the technician requesting for refilling & with Real time Images recording with on PC by using MATLAB software. Door open/close sensor is used for indication of door opening and closing. Wire Theft Status indicated by IR Sensor .The site door can be accessed only through the RFID system. The situation in the site is updated to the technician through messages. PIR sensor used to detects the presence of humans inside the room. The system includes a Current sensor to measure Load Current & Humidity Sensor to sense humidity of BTS room with Real time Images recording on PC. Camera record BTS room. The value of Temperature & Humidity of BTS room, Diesel Level of Generator& Load Current are Logged in PC with respective time & date. Our project improves the performance ability of BTS. This technique is remote controlling and monitoring can be implemented at each and every BTS tower to look after the safety and management of its network

Empowering girls, delaying marriage: Exploring the role of marital age and education on domestic violence in India

Domestic violence represents the most important component of violence against women. Whilst some literature report female empowerment as a protective factor against domestic violence, some literature find the opposite because the husband may attempt to compensate for the enhanced status of his wife. This paper aims to investigate the effects of female empowerment in the form of marital age and education on domestic violence in India, where intimate partner violence is amongst the highest in Asia. The analysis is based on the sample of eligible women aged 15-49 with valid response on domestic violence in the 2015- 2016 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) (n=9722). Upon estimating a series of instrumental variable (IV) regressions using age at menarche as an exogenous and strong instrument, we establish a causal relationship between empowerment and domestic violence taking into account the endogeneity of marital age and education. We further disentangle the relationships between domestic violence and age at marriage and education, separately. In addition, we investigate how maritage age and education influence domestic violence through labour market participation and spouse quality channels. We find that: i) empowered women do experience less domestic violence; ii) marital age and education are partially complementary; iii) labour market participation and spousal quality are relevant mediators of these relationships. Policies aiming at reducing domestic violence in India hence should be holistic, focussing on investing in education both for women and men and improving the conditions of the women’ labour market

Implementation of Ionospheric Asymmetry Index in TRANSMIT Prototype

Metals technology / metallurg