Enhanced Translation of a Chloroplast-Expressed RbcS Gene Restores Small Subunit Levels and Photosynthesis in Nuclear RbcS Antisense Plants

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) is a key enzyme that converts atmospheric carbon to food and supports life on this planet. Its low catalytic activity and specificity for oxygen leads to photorespiration, severely limiting photosynthesis and crop productivity. Consequently, Rubisco is a primary target for genetic engineering. Separate localization of the genes in the nuclear and chloroplast genomes and a complex assembly process resulting in a very low catalytic activity of hybrid Rubisco enzymes have rendered several earlier attempts of Rubisco engineering unsuccessful. Here we demonstrate that the RbcS gene, when integrated at a transcriptionally active spacer region of the chloroplast genome, in a nuclear RbcS antisense line and expressed under the regulation of heterologous (gene 10) or native (psbA) UTRs, results in the assembly of a functional holoenzyme and normal plant growth under ambient CO2 conditions, fully shortcircuiting nuclear control of gene regulation. There was ≈150-fold more RbcS transcript in chloroplast transgenic lines when compared with the nuclear RbcS antisense line, whereas the wild type has 7-fold more transcript. The small subunit protein levels in the gene 10/RbcS and psbA/RbcS plants were 60% and 106%, respectively, of the wild type. Photosynthesis of gene 10/RbcS plants was approximately double that of the antisense plants, whereas that of psbA/RbcS plants was restored almost completely to the wild-type rates. These results have opened an avenue for using chloroplast engineering for the evaluation of foreign Rubisco genes in planta that eventually can result in achieving efficient photosynthesis and increased crop productivity

The Functions of Management as Mechanisms for Fostering Interpersonal Trust

The central purpose of this article is to draw attention to ways that interpersonal trust between supervisors and employees can be fostered through activities associated with the four functions of management.  Interpersonal trust has received increasing attention as an important variable for effective management and the success of organizations.  Further, managers serve a critical role in promoting organizational success.  Practical insights regarding activities that promote interpersonal trust within each of the four functions of management is briefly discussed.  Emphasizing these insights within management education venues is also addressed.  These insights are offered with the intent of encouraging a more deliberate focus on trust within the functions of management.

1,3-Phenyl­enediammonium dinitrate

In the title compound, C6H10N2 2+·2NO3 −, the dication lies on a crystallographic twofold rotation axis. The nitrate ions are linked to the dications though N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network