332 research outputs found
Optimal progressive classification study using SMOTE-SVM for stages of lung disease
Data used in big data applications are typically kept in decentralized computing resources in the real world, which has an impact on the design of artificial intelligence algorithms. When there are significantly more observations from one class than from another, the dataset is said to be imbalanced. Therefore, in this work, the study elaborates the model as SMOTE-SVM which resolves imbalance issues in sampling the data and improves overall accuracy to 94%. The model deploys K-nearest neighbours to compute the difference between samples and to balance the samples, it computes the kernel space. Further, to optimize the classification, GWO optimizer merges with SMOTE-SVM to achieve enhanced performance. GWO (Grey Wolf Optimizer) induces greedy selection to perform optimization among classification. It is important to remember that grey wolves have a flexible social structure that might change the hierarchy. As the mobilization continues, the grey wolves are reconstructed with the distance between them and their prey, or more specifically, in accordance with the resultant value of the fitness. In addition, to prove the efficiency, the following performance metrics are measured-Overall Accuracy, Classification Accuracy, AUC and ROC
What is new in the diagnosis of tuberculosis? Part I; Techniques for diagnosis of tuberculosis
Despite the discovery of the tubercle bacillus
more than a hundred years ago, and all the advances
in our knowledge of the disease made since then,
tuberculosis still remains one of the major health
problems facing mankind, particularly in developing
countries. Presently, about one third of the world�s
population is infected with Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. It is estimated that currently there are
about 10 million new cases of tuberculosis every
year with 3 million deaths occurring world-wide1.
Currently, more people die of tuberculosis than from
any other infectious disease. Death from tuberculosis
comprises 25% of all avoidable deaths in developing
countries. Nearly 95% of all tuberculosis cases and
98% of deaths due to tuberculosis are in developing
countries and 75% of tuberculosis cases are in the
economically productive age group . In India, out
of a total population of over 1 billion, each year about
2 million develop active disease and up to half a
million die . It implies that every minute, a death
occurs due to tuberculosis in our country. It also
imposes a cost on our economy in terms of current
and future output losses because of premature deaths
and ill health . To add to the existing burden, the
situation is compounded by the large scale increase
of new TB cases associated with increasing HIV
infection
What is new in the diagnosis of tuberculosis? Part II: Techniques for drug susceptibility testing
Drug susceptibility testing can be performed
based on mycobacterial cultivation on solid media,
either egg or agar-based. In the direct test a set of
drug-containing and drug-free media is inoculated
directly with concentrated specimen. The advantage
of the direct method over indirect method is that the
results are available sooner (within 3 weeks on agar
plates), and better represent the patient’s original
bacterial populatio
Bactericidal action of pulsed exposure to rifampicin, ethambutol, isoniazid & pyrazinamide on Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro
The bactericidal action of pulsed exposure to rifampicin (R), ethambutol (Emb), isoniazid (I) and
pyrazinamide (Z) togcthcr on alternate days (REmbIZ) and as REmb and IZ separately on alternate
days (REmb/IZ) on M.tuberculosis H37Rv, two isolates of M.tuberculosis sensitive to these drugs, as
well as four isolates resistant to one or more drugs, was studied using an in vitro method. The
experimental duration was 6 days. REmbIZ and REmb/IZ appeared to have equally good bactericidal
action on M.tuberculosis strains in the in vitro system. The results suggest that splitting REmbIZ into
REmb and IZ on alternate days in short course chemotherapy regimens for tuberculosis may not affect
the bactericidal action of the regimens
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria - an overview.
There have been sporadic reports of non-tuberculous
mycobacteria (NTM) causing disease in the
early part of this century. isolation of NTM from
patients with pulmonary disease became more common
after sputum culture for the diagnosis of pulmonary
tuberculosis had become routine by the 1950s1.
Since then important strides have been made in the
taxonomy and identification of non-tuberculous
mycobacteria, as well as clarifying their role as
human pathogens and importance in human pulmonary
disease. It is now well established that mycobacteria
other than mammalian tubercle bacilli and
M.leprae. are important human pathogens.2,3
Various names have been suggested for this group
of organisms such as para-tubercle bacilli, pseudotubercle
bacilli, unclassified mycobacteria, anonymous
mycobacteria, atypical mycobacteria, opportunistic
mycobacteria, tuberculoid mycobacteria and mycobacteria
other than tubercle bacilli (MOTT). The
name non - tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), now
used by the International Working Group on Mycobacterial
Taxonomy (IWGMT) is gradually gaining
acceptance among mycobacteriologists
BCG: Do we have an alternative?
Vaccination is generally used as a form of immunoprophylaxis,
so that administration of the vaccine even a
long. time before exposure to the wild-type infectious
organism should afford protection. Since effector T
and B cells are short-lived, a prime requisite for a
vaccine is to generate immunological memory.1 In the
case organisms such as mycobacteria which are
obligate intracellular pathogens and which elicit
granulomatous tissue reactions, artificial immunisation
with live bacteria is required to induce protection.2,3
The only existing vaccine against tuberculosis is the
BCG (Bacille Calmette - Guerin), an attenuated strain
of M.bovis and it is mandatory or officially recommended
in 182 countries or territories. Under the
Expanded Programme on Immuisation (EPT) started
by the Government of India in 1978, BCG is recommended
to be given to all infants 3-9 months after
birth.
In vitro activity of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against South Indian isolates of M. tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
isolates from 104 south Indian patients,
including 52 sensitive to Streptomycin (S),
Isoniazid, (H) and Rifampicin (R), and 52
resistant to SHR/HR were tested for their in
vitro susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin and
Ofloxacin on Lowenstein-Jensen medium. The
geometric mean for minimal inhibitory
concentration (MIC) of Ciprofloxacin was 2.00
mcg/ml for sensitive strains and 2.17 mcg/ml
for resistant strains, the overall mean being
2.08 mcg/ml. Considering Ofloxacin, the MICs
for the different categories of strains were
again similar, there being no difference
between sensitive and resistant strains, the
geometric means being 2.00 and 2.05 mcg/ml,
respectively
In vitro activity of capreomycin and ciprofloxacin against South Indian isolates of M. tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from 107 South Indian patients, including 53 isolates sensitive to Streptomycin (S), Isoniazid (H) and Rifampicin (R) and 54 resistant to SHR/HR were tested for their in vitro susceptibility to Capreomycin and Ciprofloxacin. Of these, 3 (6%) SHR sensitive strains and 8 (15%) SHR/HR resistant strains were probably resistant to Capreomycin. However, the difference did not attain statistical significance. Considering Ciprofloxacin, the percentage distributions of the MIC with the different categories of strains were similar, there being no difference between sensitive and resistant strains, the geometric means being 3.7 and 3.8 mcg/ml, respectively
Protective response in guineapigs exposed to Mycobacterium avium intracellulare/ M. scrofulaceum, BCG & south Indian isolates of M. tuberculosis
The protective immunity resulting from exposure to nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), BCG and
virulent mycobacteria in different sequences was studied in the guineapig model employing strains
prevalent in the south Indian BCG trial area and time kinetics to observe the immuno-modulation. The
findings suggest that during the early course of challenge infection in guineapigs there was no
interference with the immunity due to BCG, by prior exposure to NTM. In the animals sensitised with
M. avium intracellulare before immunisation, the challenge infection was localised and confined to the
site of inoculation, and only a few organisms reached the spleen.. However, at the later stages of the
infection, as seen by the spleen viable counts at 12 wk, it appeared that the barrier at the localised site of
infection may not be intact in the animals with prior exposure to NTM, and a few organisms disseminate
to the spleen
In vitro activity of rifampicin, rifapentine and rifabutin against South Indian isolates of M. tuberculosis
M. tuberculosis isolates from 51 resistant and 52 susceptible to Rifampicin patients were concurrently tested for in vitro susceptibility to Rifampicin, Rifapentine and Rifabutin. All the 52 Rifampicin susceptible strains were susceptible to Rifapentine, the geometric mean MICs being 13.3 m g/ml for Rifampicin and 6.0 m g/ml for Rifapentine. However, the geometric mean MIC for Rifabautin was as low as 13 m g/ml.
All 51 Rifampicin resistant strains were also resistant to Rifapentine, indicating a complete cross-resistance between the two compounds. However, 11 (22%) of the Rifampicin resistant strains were found to be susceptible to Rifabutin. The geometric mean; MICs of the 40 resistant strains were 22 m g/ml for Rifampicin and113 m g/ml for Rifabutin. Thus, even among Rifampicin resistant strains, Rifabutin showed a 1.97 fold higher activity; the difference in the means attained statistical significance
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