Penggunaan Whippy Cream dalam Pembuatan Es Krim Soyghurt

Soyghurt is fermented products like yoghurt which is made from soya milk by using probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. bulgaricus. To improve various processed soybean and supports the sale in the community, soyghurt was processed to ice cream. In order to increase low fat in soyghurt ice cream, it should be added vegetable fat, that was whippy cream (W). The aim of this research was to get the best ratio between whippy cream (W) and soyghurt (S) in making soyghurt ice cream. This research was carried out in an experiment by using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments (WS1, WS2, WS3, WS4, and WS5 each for the ratio : 10% W and 90% S, 20% W and 80% S, 30% W and 70% S, 40% W and 60% S, and 50% W and 50% S) with three replications. Data obtained were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and if the calculated F is greater than or equal to F table then continued with DNMRT Test at 5% level. The results showed that the combination of W and S in making ice cream significantly improves overrun, melting rate, degree of acidity (pH), total solids, fat and protein content, but decrease the lactic acid bacteria (LAB)content. It can be concluded that the best treatment in making soyghurt ice cream was WS5 treatment (50% Whippy cream and 50% Soyghurt)

Comparative study between biological and chemical agents for control sheath blight disease of rice

Biological control measures are indispensable to sustain global food security, due to it being economically profitable and environmentally sound. A comparative study was conducted to know the effectiveness of biological control measures compared with contact fungicide. Trichoderma spp. based bio fungicides Bioquick and Biospark were applied as preventive measures and contact fungicide as a curative measure for controlling sheath blight disease in rice varieties BR 71 and IR 24. Biospark and Bioquick were applied before disease development while, contact fungicide was used after the initiation of sheath blight disease. At the early stage of disease development, the effect of Bioquick, Biospark, and fungicide in terms of reducing percent relative lesion height and percent tiller infection are comparable. At 14 DAI and 18 DAI, contact fungicide performed best among the three control measures based on the two parameters. The genotypes of the rice accessions used in the study also appeared to be a factor in disease development, as evidenced by higher horizontal and vertical disease severity in BR71 than in IR24. Between comparison of Bioquick and Biospark in terms of reducing percent relative lesion height, percent tiller infection, and percent disease control, appeared to be higher in Biospark in both varieties. From this study, we can conclude that farmers can use Biospark as a biofungicide to get maximum benefit considering rice yield and ecology. However, its efficacy is slightly lower than chemical fungicides for controlling sheath blight disease of rice

Plant–pathogen interactions and elevated CO2: morphological changes in favour of pathogens

Crop losses caused by pests and weeds have been estimated at 42% worldwide, with plant pathogens responsible for almost $10 billion worth of damage in the USA in 1994 alone. Elevated carbon dioxide [ECO2] and associated climate change have the potential to accelerate plant pathogen evolution, which may, in turn, affect virulence. Plant–pathogen interactions under increasing CO2 concentrations have the potential to disrupt both agricultural and natural systems severely, yet the lack of experimental data and the subsequent ability to predict future outcomes constitutes a fundamental knowledge gap. Furthermore, nothing is known about the mechanistic bases of increasing pathogen agressiveness. In the absence of information on crop species, it is shown here that plant pathogen (Erysiphe cichoracearum) aggressiveness is increased under ECO2, together with changes in the leaf epidermal characteristics of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana L. Stomatal density, guard cell length, and trichome numbers on leaves developing post-infection are increased under ECO2 in direct contrast to non-infected responses. As many plant pathogens utilize epidermal features for successful infection, these responses provide a positive feedback mechanism facilitating an enhanced susceptibility of newly developed leaves to further pathogen attack. Furthermore, a screen of resistant and susceptible ecotypes suggest inherent differences in epidermal responses to ECO2