Delineation of Wellhead Protection Areas: Methodology and Application

About 97% of global fresh water is sourced from Groundwater, positioning it as an important, and sometimes the sole, source of drinking-water in many parts of the world. Sustainable Development Goals, Goal No. 6, calls to foster all efforts to ensure access to water and sanitation for all. Nevertheless, with groundwater providing nearly half the world population with drinking water, the responsibly of sustaining this resource is a priority to all. Pumping wells can sometimes, if not carefully protected, be an instant source of pollution to the groundwater. Wellhead protection areas (WHPAs) serve the purpose of protecting the quality of groundwater by means of restrictions imposed on land use activities within the WHPA. Many approaches are being used to delineate WHPAs all over the world. The study used the numerical groundwater flow modeling with particle tracking codes approach, as it allows full interaction of hydrogeological, land-use, PCS, and different extraction rates in delineating the WHPA. The study area is a drinking water plant, located in Menofia Governorate and belongs to the Nile Delta aquifer. The study used 50-day isochron horizontal travel distance for the three pumping wells, located in the drinking water plant. The WHPA radius was determined for wells and the resulted radii range from 37m to 54.5m. Keywords:Wellhead protection area, groundwater protection, contaminant transport, MT3D, groundwater modelling DOI: 10.7176/CER/13-4-04 Publication date:June 30th 202

Study of the Problem of Rising Groundwater levels in Aswan City Area

Aswan city, southern part of Egypt, is currently suffering from rising groundwater levels since 2009 due to partial discontinued pumping in some main well fields and growing urbanization in high relief areas; causing severe environmental problems hindering development activities. The present study aims to examine the changes in groundwater levels in the city using recorded data from 2012 to 2017. Numerical groundwater flow modeling is used to simulate the hydrogeological conditions of the region. Hence, the calibrated model is run to examine the solution of lowering groundwater. Inversing the groundwater rising process in the model is achieved by applying imposed abstraction rates, from eight well fields, equal to that before the rising levels problem. The adopted solution succeeded to nullify the rise in groundwater levels. However, further studies are recommended to evade negative geotechnical impacts so that the final design of an engineered solution can be set and physically implemented. Keywords: Groundwater management, Groundwater modeling, Groundwater de-watering, Nile Valley. DOI: 10.7176/CER/12-9-06 Publication date:September 30th 202

Evaluating Water Table Rising Under Eastern Cairo (Metro Line)

The booming increase in population in last decades led to poor environmental condition in some areas in the capital city of Egypt. The main two tackled environmental impacts from the increased population, in this research, are the heavy traffic densities jam and groundwater rise in many areas in the city. The massive population causes traffic congestion in the capital due to the increased poor planned urban expansion. The groundwater rise is resulted from leakage from over loeaded and poorly maintained drinking and sanitary water networks. More than 40% of the capacity of these networks leaked to ground, moving, with the topographic gradient sub-surfable  to the lower areas; transporting all pollutants and dissolved salts from soil to the aquifer. This, also, threatens the buildings stability and prevent the usability of these buildings. The government is currently exerting massive efforts and increasing the investments tremendously on solving the traffic congestions and implementing new roads. Zooming into the study area, replacing the non-working old metro track into a road to link between Mansheyet El-Bakry and El-Demrdash is faced with the high groundwater table occurring in the area. The main objective of the current research is, to evaluate the proposed alternatives for solving the traffic problem through implementing new road, taking into consideration conducting a suitable solution for the high groundwater table. Moreover, investigating the main causes of the groundwater rise and assess environmentally the impact on the study area. Several proposed alternatives were evaluated for solving the concerned issues through extensive field and hydrogeological investigations, pumping tests, and numerical model (GMS- modflow) to simulate the hydrogeological conditions of the study area and test the proposed solutions. The alternatives were, also, assessed through a designed weighted impact assessment to analyze the best solution. the weighting assessment factors include efficiency, initial and operational costs, extracted water volume, lower groundwater rise, building stability, construction feasibility. The comprehensive investigation and assessment indicated that the most effective solution.  Nevertheless, prevention at source is also urgently needed through rehabilitation of drinking and sanitary water networks in the capital to minimize the seepage and losses percentage of the transported water. Keywords:Groundwater Rise, Cairo, traffic congestions, dewatering system, groundwater modeling, groundwater quality DOI: 10.7176/CER/14-6-03 Publication date:October 31st 2022

Multi-criteria governmental crop planning problem based on an integrated AHP-PROMETHEE approach

The study uses analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and preference ranking organisation method for enrichment evaluations (PROMETHEE) to deal with the crop planning problem as a multi-criteria decision-making problem, for governmental lands in Gaza Strip under two conditions: the normal economy condition and the resistant economy condition. These two conditions are studied from the governmental point of view. The study goal is to rank crops according to some considered criteria. Crops are divided into eight types that include vegetables, fruits, citrus, olives, palms, export crops, field crops and medical and aromatic crops. The developed AHP and PROMETHEE compare crops with respect to seven main criteria, namely; economical, financial, marketing, environmental, technical, political and social criteria. AHP is used to obtain criteria weights to be used as input for PROMETHEE to outrank alternatives. The

Beyond and beneath the hierarchical market economy: global production and working-class conflict in Argentina's automobile industry

This paper argues that the hierarchical market economy (HME) category does not provide an adequate starting point for addressing capitalist diversity in Latin America. Building from a critical perspective on the global commodity chain (GCC) and global production network (GPN) approaches, it instead considers the impact of firms’ transnational relations and the often neglected role of working-class struggles. It will argue that capitalist diversity can only be understood at the nexus of these ostensibly global and local phenomena; and by specifying the strategic decisions taken by firms in Argentina’s automobile industry, it will account for the failure of that sector. Finally, it examines the role of working-class struggles in the industry in Córdoba, Argentina, arguing that these were vital in shaping the specific and unstable form of capitalist diversity in Argentina, as well as potential alternatives to it

Inbuilt Tendency of the eIF2 Regulatory System to Counteract Uncertainties

Eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) plays a fundamental role in the regulation of protein synthesis. Investigations have revealed that the regulation of eIF2 is robust against intrinsic uncertainties and is able to efficiently counteract them. The robustness properties of the eIF2 pathway against intrinsic disturbances is also well known. However the reasons for this ability to counteract stresses is less well understood. In this article, the robustness conferring properties of the eIF2 dependent regulatory system is explored with the help of a mathematical model. The novelty of the work presented in this article lies in articulating the possible reason behind the inbuilt robustness of the highly engineered eIF2 system against intrinsic perturbations. Our investigations reveal that the robust nature of the eIF2 pathway may originate from the existence of an attractive natural sliding surface within the system satisfying reaching and sliding conditions that are well established in the domain of control engineering

Multi criteria governmental crop planning problem: an analytic hierarchy approach

The goal of this study is to rank crops to cultivate in the governmental agricultural lands in Gaza Strip using AHP methodology as a Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) tool. This study is applied under the normal condition, from the governmental point of view. Seven main criteria were first identified consisting of economical, financial, marketing, environmental, technical, political, and social criteria, while thirty one sub-criteria were then identified. Crops were divided into eight types that include vegetables, fruits, citrus, olives, palms, export crops, field crops and medical and aromatic crops. The results indicate that the economic criteria are the most important criteria as they represent 0.33 of the total weight, while the technical criteria are the least important criteria as they represent 0.07 of the total weight. Sub-criteria weights indicate that the contribution to GDP sub-criterion is the most important one with respect to the goal as it has 0.103 of the total weight. Cropping pattern is skewed towards export crops, citrus and vegetables

Resistance of barley landraces and wild barley populations to powdery mildew in Jordan

Eleven barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) landraces and 12 wild barley (H. spontaneum) populations, collected from diverse eco-geographical regions of Jordan, were screened for resistance to powdery mildew. The average powdery mildew disease score (based on a 0 to 4 severity scale) wa

Thermal Radiation and MHD Effects on Free Convective Flow of a Polar Fluid through a Porous Medium in the Presence of Internal Heat Generation and Chemical Reaction

An analysis is presented to study the MHD free convection with thermal radiation and mass transfer of polar fluid through a porous medium occupying a semi-infinite region of the space bounded by an infinite vertical porous plate with constant suction velocity in the presence of chemical reaction, internal heat source, viscous and Darcy's dissipation. The highly nonlinear coupled differential equations governing the boundary layer flow, heat, and mass transfer are solved by using a two-term perturbation method with Eckert number as a perturbation parameter. The results are obtained for velocity, angular velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number. The effect of various material parameters on flow, heat, and mass transfer variables is discussed and illustrated graphically

Multi Criteria Governmental Crop Planning Problem: an Analytic Hierarchy Approach

Abstract The goal of this study is to rank crops to cultivate in the governmental agricultural lands in Ga za St rip using AHP methodology as a Multi Criteria Decision Making (M CDM) tool. Th is study is applied under the normal condition, fro m the governmental point of view. Seven ma in criteria were first identified consisting of economical, financial, market ing, environ mental, technical, political, and social criteria, while thirty one sub-criteria were then identified. Crops were divided into eight types that include vegetables, fruits, citrus, olives, palms, export crops, field crops and medical and aromat ic crops. The results indicate that the economic criteria are the most important criteria as they represent 0.33 of the total weight, while the technical criteria are the least impo rtant criteria as they represent 0.07 of the total weight. Sub-criteria weights indicate that the contribution to GDP sub-criterion is the most important one with respect to the goal as it has 0.103 of the total weight. Cropping pattern is skewed towards export crops, citrus and vegetables