PREVALENCE AND EXTENT OF AWARENESS OF DEPRESSION IN YOUTH

Objective: Depression is a common mental disorder that affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Increasing awareness about depression in youth can help in addressing the consequences of the disorder that may extend to adulthood. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated socio-demographic factors of depression among youth and to determine the efficacy of an educational intervention in increasing awareness about depression. Methods: Pre-university and graduate students between 15 to 24 y of age were included in the study. Data was collected using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the Adolescent Depression Knowledge Questionnaire, and a self-designed proforma of socio-demographic factors. An educational intervention, in the form of a video, was provided to the subjects. A post-intervention questionnaire was administered after a period of 4-6 w. Analysis and interpretation of data were completed using the Chi-square test and SPSS v22 software. Results: The prevalence of depression in youth was found to be 29.6% using a PHQ-9 cut-off score of 10. Annual household income was found to have a statistically significant association with the prevalence of depression (*P-value: 0.036). The students’ knowledge about depression was notably improved, as observed from answers of the ADKQ, before and after the educational intervention. Conclusion: Depression is prevalent among Indian students, and this highlights the need for screening of students and educational interventions. Providing educational interventions to students can increase their awareness and knowledge about depression

Evaluation of Open Graded Friction Courses: Construction, Maintenance, and Performance Phase II

SPR No. 725This study investigated multiple factors that influence the performance of open graded friction courses (OGFC) in South Carolina with the ultimate goal of improving the long-term durability and performance of OGFCs. The research included laboratory studies to evaluate the influence of aggregate Los Angeles (LA) Abrasion and breakdown, aggregate gradation, compaction temperature, binder content, and tack coats using performance measures such as porosity, mean texture depth, Cantabro abrasion, indirect tensile strength (ITS), direct shear strength, and a newly developed surface abrasion test. Limited field evaluations were also conducted to assess the in-situ performance of OGFC. The results informed specification changes that the SCDOT had implemented throughout the duration of this study, including the addition of a 9.5 mm nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS) OGFC mix, adjustment of the gradation of the 12.5 mm NMAS OGFC mix, and tack coat specifications for OGFC. Additional recommendations were also suggested for consideration based on the results of this study

Assessment of normal tricuspid valve anatomy in adults by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography

Background: The tricuspid valve (TV) is a complex structure. Unlike the aortic and mitral valve it is not possible to visualize all TV leaflets simultaneously in one cross-sectional view by standard two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) either transthoracic or transesophageal due to the position of TV in the far field. Aim: Quantitative and qualitative assessment of the normal TV using real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE). Methods: RT3DE was performed for 100 normal adults (mean age 30 ± 9 years, 65% males). RT3DE visualization was evaluated by 4-point score (1: not visualized, 2: inadequate, 3: sufficient, and 4: excellent). Measurements included TV annulus diameters (TAD), TV area (TVA), and commissural width. Results: In 90% of patients with good 2DE image quality, it was possible to analyse TV anatomy by RT3DE. A detailed anatomical structure including unique description and measurement of tricuspid annulus shape and size, TV leaflets shape, and mobility, and TV commissural width were obtained in majority of patients. Identification of each TV leaflet as seen in the routine 2DE views was obtained. Conclusion: RT3DE of the TVis feasible in a large number of patients. RT3DE may add to functional 2DE data in description of TV anatomy and providing highly reproducible and actual reality (anatomical and functional) measurements

A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ON THE ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE AND METHODS PRACTICED IN DISINFECTING AND DISPOSAL OF FACE MASKS AMONG THE GENERAL PUBLIC

Abstract Objective: The vast amount of facemasks generated as waste should be disposed of appropriately and responsibly to prevent adverse effects on health and the environment. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge and methods commonly practiced by the public to disinfect and dispose of used masks. Methods:  A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2021 to December 2021 in the South Part of Karnataka using a face-validated questionnaire. The questionnaire included subject demographic details and methods to disinfect and dispose of masks. The data were recorded and analyzed using Microsoft excel.  Results: A total of (n=501) participants took part in the study. It was observed that the most commonly practiced method was to wash the masks with specific cleaners (n=259, 53 %). We also assessed knowledge regarding the methods of disposal of a mask. (n=342, 68.26%) of subjects know the correct method for disposal of used facemasks whereas (n= 159, 31.73%) do not know. Subjects who are educated (p=0.008) and regular mask users (p=0.011) are aware of the right method for mask disposal. Conclusion: Many people are unaware of the correct disposal methods. Hence, Manufacturers, and Scientists should identify the effective way for disinfecting and disposing of used masks and educate the public to practice the proper methods of facemask disposal

Parent–Child Interaction Therapy Supports Healthy Eating Behavior in Child Welfare-Involved Children

Objective: We tested the efficacy of standard Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), a live-coached, behavioral parent-training program, for modifying problematic eating behaviors in a larger effectiveness trial of PCIT for children involved in the child welfare system. Method: Children ages 3–7 years and their parents were randomly assigned to PCIT intervention (n = 120) or services as the usual control (SAU; n = 84) groups in a randomized clinical trial. Children’s eating behaviors were assessed pre- and post-intervention via the Child Eating Behaviors Questionnaire (CEBQ). Intention-to-treat analyses were conducted, followed by per-protocol analyses, on treatment-engaging families only. Results: PCIT led to reductions in child welfare-involved children’s food responsiveness, speed of food consumption, and tendency to engage in emotional overeating relative to children in the services-as-usual control condition. Standard PCIT may be an effective intervention to promote healthy child eating behaviors in families involved with child welfare, even when food-related behaviors are not directly targeted by the intervention. Public Health Significance: This clinical trial provides evidence that child welfare-involved children who received PCIT experienced significant reductions in maladaptive eating-related behaviors, namely food responsiveness, emotional overeating, and speed of eating. These findings were observed in relation to children in a comparison control group who had access to child welfare services-as-usual

SCREENING OF COLLEGE STUDENTS FOR OBESITY

 A prospective, cross-sectional study on the prevalence of overweight and underweight among students at an institute in Bengaluru, was conductedby estimating their body mass index. The study was carried out on 121 students in the age group of 14-28 years. Of 121 students, 35 (28.92%) wereunderweight, 73 (60.33%) were normal weight and 13 (10.74%) were overweight. Based on the age group, 14-20 years of age group, 28 (38.8%) wereunderweight, 48 (55.5%) were normal weight and 4 (5.5%) were overweight. In age group of 21-25 years, 7 (15.5%) were underweight, 32 (71.11%)were normal weight and 6 (13.33%) were overweight and in age group 25-28 years, 0 (0%) were underweight, 1 (25%) were normal weight and3 (75%) were overweight. The study concludes that the prevalence of underweight is higher than overweight among the college students.Keywords: Prevalence, Overweight, Underweight and Body mass index

Outcomes of angiosome and non-angiosome targeted revascularization in critical lower limb ischemia

ObjectiveBlood supply to the foot is from the posterior tibial, anterior tibial, and the peroneal arteries. Ischemic ulceration of the foot is the most common cause for major amputations in vascular surgical patients. It can be presumed that revascularization of the artery directly supplying the ischemic angiosome may be superior to indirect revascularization of the concerned ischemic angiosome.MethodsThis was a prospective study of 64 patients with continuous single crural vessel runoff to the foot presenting with critical limb ischemia from January 2007 to September 2008. Direct revascularization (DR) of the ischemic angiosome was performed in 61% (n = 39), indirect revascularization (IR) in 39% (n = 25). Open surgery was performed in 60.9% and endovascular interventions in 39.1%. All patients were evaluated for the status of the wound and limb salvage at 1, 3, and 6 months. The study end points were major amputation or death, limb salvage, and wound epithelialization at 6 months.ResultsIn the study, 81.2% of patients had forefoot ischemia, 17.2% had ischemic heel, whereas 1.6% had midfoot nonhealing ischemic ulceration. The runoff involved the anterior tibial artery in 42.2% (27/64), posterior tibial artery in 34.4% (22/64), and the peroneal artery in 23.4% (15/64). All patients were followed at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively for ulcer healing, major amputation, or death. At the end of 6 months, nine patients expired, and six were lost to follow-up. Of 49 patients who completed 6 months, nine underwent major amputation, and 40 had limb salvage. Ulcer healing at 1, 3, and 6 months for DR vs IR were 7.9% vs 5%, 57.6% vs 12.5%, and 96.4% vs 83.3%, respectively. This difference in the rates of ulcer healing between the DR and IR groups was statistically significant (P = .021). The limb salvage in the DR group (84%) and IR group (75%) was not statistically significant (P = .06). The mortality was 10.2% for DR and 20% for IR at 6 months.ConclusionsTo attain better ulcer healing rates combined with higher limb salvage, direct revascularization of the ischemic angiosome should be considered whenever possible. Revascularization should not be denied to patients with indirect perfusion of the ischemic angiosome as acceptable rates of limb salvage are obtained