Integration of Financial Markets under the Conditions of the Eurasian Economic Union: Challenges and Opportunities

The focus on the regional financial integration became a center of attention due to enhancement of cooperation among member states the Eurasian Economic Union and sustainable development. However, the reality of global experience demonstrated that such practices have ambiguous effects on economies. The article discloses main issues of the integration of financial markets in the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union through the analysis of preconditions and conditions of the formation of a single financial market. The research examined development of financial trade between Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia, creation of supranational bodies on regulation of the financial markets, formation of the developed financial infrastructure and favorable investment climate. The research based empirical study of statistical and secondary data of the member states, and conclusion and propositions on policies have been derived from the comparative analysis of the economies of these countries

Modeling of single mode optical fiber having a complicated refractive index profile by using modified scalar finite element method

A numerical method based on modified scalar finite element method (SC-FEM) is presented and programmed on MATLAB platform for optical fiber modeling purpose. We have estimated the dispersion graph, mode cut off condition, and group delay and waveguide dispersion for highly complicated chirped type refractive index profile fiber. The convergence study of our FEM formulation is carried out with respect to the number of division in core. It has been found that the numerical error becomes less than 2 % when the number of divisions in the core is more then 30. To predict the accurate waveguide dispersion characteristics, we need to compute expression (d^2 (Vb))/(dV^2 ) numerically by the FEM method. For that the normalized propagation constant b (in terms of β) should be an accurate enough up to around 6 decimal points. To achieve this target, we have used 1 million sampling points in our FEM simulations. Further to validate our results we have derived the higher order polynomial expression for each case. Comparison with other methods in calculation of normalized propagation constant is found to be satisfactory. In traditional FEM analysis a spurious solution is generated because the functional does not satisfy the boundary conditions in the original waveguide problem, However in our analysis a new term that compensate the missing boundary condition has been added in the functional to eliminate the spurious solutions. Our study will be useful for the analysis of optical fiber having varying refractive index profile

Refractive index profile optimisation for the design of optical fibres

Owing to advanced manufacturing techniques, it is possible to produce cylindrical single-mode fibres with nearly arbitrary refractive index profiles. For the design of optical fibres automated optimisation schemes have yet to be exploited. We have employed deterministic local, and stochastic global optimisation schemes for the minimisation of a cost function based on dispersion, dispersion slope, macro-bending losses and mode-field diameter, on the space of continuous piecewise linear dopant concentration profiles. For the local schemes (modified and quasi Newton), it appears possible to select a few initial profiles, such that the optimisation results are close to the "global optima" (within 8%), found using global schemes (simulated annealing and differential evolution), while reducing computation times significantly (minutes instead of days). For the local schemes, the cost function gradient is required. Fréchet derivatives are more efficient than finite-difference approximations. A sensitivity analysis provides useful information for manufacturers regarding the required profile accuracy. A comparison of our optimised fibre designs with commercially available optical fibres demonstrates that existing fibres can be improved

Fremde Kulturen im Englischbuch, 1680-1980

Accurate, reliable and fast numerical modeling methods are required to design the optimum radial refractive index profile for single and multimode fibers to give specific dispersion characteristics prior to or even obviating costly experimental work. Such profiles include graded index and multiple concentric cladding layers. In this paper, a new numerical method is introduced which enables the derivatives of the propagation coefficient to be calculated analytically up to the third order of a single mode or multimode weakly guiding optical fiber with an arbitrary radial refractive index profile. These quantities are required to determine the group delay, τg, chromatic dispersion, D, and dispersion slope of the fiber. The expansion of the modal fields in terms of Laguerre-Gauss polynomials in the Galerkin method offers certain benefits. In particular, due to simplicity of the basis functions it is possible to carry out further analytical work on the results such as repeated differentiation of the matrix equation resulting from the Galerkin method to define up to the third-order derivatives of the propagation coefficients with respect to wavelength. This avoids approximation errors inherent in numerical differentiation, giving better accuracy and, at the same time, significantly reduces the computation time. A computer program was developed to demonstrate the proposed method for single and multimode fibers with radially arbitrary refractive index profiles. The paper provides simulation results to validate the approach

A rapid accurate technique to calculate the group delay, dispersion and dispersion slope of arbitrary radial refractive index profile weakly-guiding optical fibers

This paper introduces a new numerical method to calculate the group delay, chromatic dispersion and dispersion slope of weakly-guiding optical fibers with arbitrary radial refractive index profiles. It is based on the analytic differentiation of the propagation coefficient up to the third order. The simulation results are compared to experimental data, with those calculated by other approaches and exact data where possible. Due to the analytical differentiation of the matrix equation, the method is more accurate compared to other approaches, it is also much faster than numerical differentiation as allows avoiding repeated solution of the eigenvalue problem to calculate the derivatives of the propagation coefficient. The precision of the method is limited only by the approximation errors of the mode solver. The Galerkin method with Laguerre-Gauss basis functions is used to determine the propagation coefficients of weakly-guiding structures. The new method enables fiber manufacturers to rapidly design dispersion characteristics of graded index, step index, single- and multiple-clad fibers, as well as few-mode and bend insensitive fibers