Effect of thermal stratification on MHD free convection with heat and mass transfer over an unsteady stretching surface with heat source, hall current and chemical reaction

The present investigation is concerned with the effect of thermal stratification on magnetohydrodynamic free convection boundary layer flow with heat and mass transfer of an electrically conducting fluid over an unsteady stretching sheet in the presence of strong magnetic field. The electron–atom collision frequency is assumed to be relatively high, so that the Hall effect is assumed to be exist, while induced magnetic field is neglected. The transformed nonlinear boundary layer equations are solved numerically by applying Keller-box method. Effect of Prandtl number, magnetic parameter, Hall parameter, heat source parameter, radiation parameter, Schmidt number, chemical reaction parameter, Grashof number, modified Grashof number, as well as the local skin friction coefficient, heat and mass transfer rates are depicted graphically and in tabulated form. It has been found that these parameters affect considerably the considered flow characteristics

Open Innovation in SMEs: prospects and challenges

Newly evolved technologies and multi-faceted researches along the setting of entrepreneurship development, philosophy, context and business handling have been transformed from being traditional to innovative. Depending on the diversity and nature of the transformation, innovation has been shifted from closed to open paradigm. Ranging from micro to small or medium to corporate business houses are being immensely benefited by the innovation techniques, especially utilizing information and communication technologies (ICTs). However, the road to innovation, despite being seen or taken as a paradigm shift is not smooth and ready for many, particularly the small and medium enterprises who mainly deal with the clients at the outer peripheries of the social circle. Despite being a major economic contributor in many countries, SMEs suffer from various challenges, of inherited nature, culture and reasons beyond control. This paper synthesizes issues of opportunities and challenges for small and medium enterprises by carrying out a longitudinal study. Furthermore, the paper provides a few research hints for researchers and research institutions