Carbohydrate secondary and tertiary structure using raman spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy is a long-established analytical technique that has now proliferated into a variety of research tools that are able to identify and characterize almost any type of molecule under most conditions. As such, Raman spectroscopies are well suited to the study of carbohydrates, from simple monosaccharides to the largest glycosaminoglycans and from industrial bioreactors to in situ measurements on living cells. This review covers a range of examples of how Raman techniques are addressing the questions of glycobiologists working on diverse aspects of this fascinating but poorly understood class of biomolecules. Focus is placed on the application of Raman, surface-enhanced Raman, Raman optical activity, and related spectroscopies to characterizing carbohydrates of all types, with only a general introduction to the theory of the techniques themselves. Particular attention is also paid to the computational tools now regularly used by spectroscopists to analyze complex data. Although this review is aimed at the glycobiology community, the examples discussed also demonstrate to the expert spectroscopist how their techniques can impact on the exciting opportunities presented by working with carbohydrates