Planning for Development using Social Impact

Economic development activities change the physical and social environments in which individuals live. For planners, it is important to anticipate the types of changes that might occur, and to put measures in place that mitigate negative impacts and promote positive impacts on people and communities. Social Impact Assessment (SIA) was introduced as a tool for understanding the social impacts of development. There are three factors, however, that limit the use of SIA in developing countries. First, the original SIA tool was designed in a developed country, and as such the list of indicators developed may not suitable for local conditions. Second, there is no specific theoretical underpinning of the SIA tool, and thus no link between the SIA tool and particular theories of social behaviour. Third, there is no particular link between what SIA measures, and what should be done to mitigate the effects of development activities. The purpose of this paper is to address these three issues and in doing so, provide a SIA tool that can be applied usefully and practically in a developing country. The theoretical basis of SIA used in the paper is Actor-Network Theory (ANT). The tool, which was developed using ANT, principles consists of five stages of analysis: identification of principal actors (human and non-human) and the changes due to development; exploration of the ownership of resources (capital) that enables principle actors to change; identification of change agents attached to the capital of principal actors; tracing which interests of actors are aligned to deal with the development; and an analysis of the social change platform (mobilization of actors) based on connections of all principal actors with other actors. Each of these stages provides the basis for determining what should be assessed in SIA, how to structure the assessment, and how to interpret the results of a SIA.Social Impact Assessment (SIA), Actor-Network Theory (ANT), development impact, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Public Economics,

Crystal structure of the (E)-O-methyl-N-phenyl-thiocarbamate – 4,4′-bipyridine (1/1), C18H17N3OS

C18H17N3OS, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a=13.4754(3) Å, b=13.8997(3) Å, c=18.0300(4) Å, β=107.202(3)°, V =3226.03(13) Å3, Z =8, Rgt(F)=0.0341, wRref(F2)=0.0878, T =100(2) K

Crystal structure of N-(3-chlorophenyl)(propan-2-yloxy)carbothioamide, C10H12ClNOS

C10H12ClNOS, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a=13.2003(12) Å, b=6.0448(6) Å, c=13.9403(13) Å, β=101.9180(10)°, V =1088.36(18) Å3, Z =4, Rgt(F)=0.0291, wRref(F2)=0.0807, T =100(2) K

Crystal structure of the bis((E)-O-ethyl-N-phenylthiocarbamate) – 4,4′-bipyridine co-crystal (2/1), C28H30N4O2S2

C12H11N5, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a=7.3455(1) Å, b=12.2470(1) Å, c=12.1689(1) Å, β=103.505(1)°, V =1064.45(2) Å3, Z =4, Rgt(F)=0.0365, wRref(F2)=0.0987, T =100 K

[O-Isopropyl-N-(4-nitrophenyl)thiocarbamato-κS]-(tri-4-tolylphosphine-κP)gold(I)

The synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and X-ray crystal structure of the title compound, (4-tolyl)3PAu[SC(O-i-Pr)=NC6H4NO2-4] (1) are described. Spectroscopy exhibited the expected features confirming the formation of the compound. The molecular structure of 1 confirms the expected linear P–Au–S coordination geometry defined by thiolate-S and phosphane-P atoms. The nearly 7◦ deviation from linearity is ascribed to the close approach of the imine-bound phenyl group, indicative of a semi-localized Au . . . π(arene) interaction. The three-dimensional molecular packing is consolidated by methyl- and tolyl-C–H . . . O(nitro) and tolyl-C–H . . . π(tolyl) interactions

Crystal structure and molecular packing of O-ethyl (2-chlorophenyl)carbamothioate, C9H10ClNOS

The asymmetric unit of the title crystal structure is shown in the figure. Tables 1 and 2 contain details of the measurement method and a list of the atoms including atomic coordinates and displacement parameters

N-(4-Bromophenyl)methoxycarbothioamide

The synthesis, spectroscopic and crystallographic characterisation of the title compound, O-methyl-N-4-bromophenyl thiocarbamate, MeOC(=S)N(H)PhBr-4 (1), are described. Spectroscopy confirmed the formation of the compound and the molecular structure was determined crystallographically. Two independent but chemically similar molecules comprise the asymmetric unit of 1. The C-S and C-N bond lengths confirm the presence of the thioamide tautomer. The thione-S and amide-N-H atoms are syn, enabling the formation of amide-N-H . . . S(thione) hydrogen bonds between the two independent molecules that generates a two-molecule aggregate via an eight-membered { . . . HNCS}2 synthon. The aggregates are connected into a three-dimensional architecture via weak intermolecular interactions, including Br. . . π(4-bromophenyl), S . . . π(4-bromophenyl), and weak Br. . . S halogen bonding contacts. The overall molecular conformation, thioamide tautomer, and the presence of amide-N-H . . . S(thione) hydrogen bonding in the crystal conform with expectation for this class of compound

O-Methyl m-Tolylcarbamothioate

The synthesis, spectroscopic, and crystallographic characterisation of the title compound,O-methyl m-tolylcarbamothioate, MeOC(=S)N(H)(m-tolyl) (1), are described. The crystallographic study confirms the structure determined by spectroscopy and shows the presence of the thioamide tautomer, a syn-disposition of the thione-S and thioamide-N-H atoms and, in the crystal, thioamide-N-H . . . S(thione) hydrogen bonding leading to an eight-membered { . . . HNCS}2 synthon