Characterization of surface layers on individual marine CaCO₃ particles, using "variable energy" electron probe microanalysis (poster)

The ocean constitutes a large sink for anthropogenic CO2, and thus plays a significant role in the global biogeochemical cycle of carbon and its perturbations. There remain, however, large uncertainties concerning the uptake of anthropogenic carbon by the ocean, mainly due to insufficient knowledge of processes controlling the pCO2 in surface waters. Most of the previous research efforts have been concentrated on the study of CO2 exchange at the air-sea interface due to temperature effects related to the general circulation of water masses or to the biological activity in terms of new production of organic matter and export to deep waters. The effect of precipitation of calcium carbonate by calcifying organisms in the euphotic zone and the redissolution of their skeletons has not been fully taken into account yet. This precipitation-dissolution process affects both the concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity and plays thus a significant role in the buffering capacity of seawater and its potential to act as a sink or a source of CO2 for the atmosphere. Quantification of the processes affecting the inorganic carbon cycle is fundamental, not only for the understanding of the present day situation, but also for the predictive studies in the context of global warming. The anthropogenic CO2 can be transferred into or out of the ocean via air-sea exchange as a result of various processes. They include dissolution of CO2 (g) in seawater, photosynthesis and respiration, and precipitation of carbonate particles. During photosynthesis, CaCO3 is precipitated and this carbonate sinks out of the surface layer along with the exported organic carbon. The calcification process modifies the dissolved inorganic carbonate system according to the following reaction:Ca2+ + 2HCO3- CaCO3 + CO2 (g) + H2OThe production of CaCO3 will thus consume alkalinity, increase pCO2 and reduce total DIC in the surface layer of the ocean, driving CO2 from the ocean to the atmosphere.We aim to study the processes associated with the oceanic production and dissolution of CaCO3 in order to quantify the role of calcifying phytoplanktonic organisms in sequestering CO2.Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) was used for characterization of individual particles for their composition, morphology and dissolution features. Most attention is paid to the concentration of Mg and Sr in CaCO3 particles, because of their effect on the solubility of carbonates and because of the fact that they are characteristic for their origin. In June 2001, a mesocosm experiment: “Biological responses to CO2 - related changes in seawater carbonate chemistry during a bloom of Emiliana huxleyi” was set up at the Large Scale Facility for Marine Pelagic Food Chain Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. Three different pCO2’s (200 ppm, 380 ppm, 700 ppm) were generated in different mesocosms where cultures were grown. Organisms from each of these cultures were analysed using optimised low-Z EPMA technology to examine the difference in calcification. “Variable-energy” EPMA was applied for the characterization of surface layers of the CaCO3-scales of Emiliana huxleyi

Fast analysis of decabrominated diphenyl ether using low-pressure gas chromatography electron-capture negative ionization mass spectrometry

Peer reviewe

Laser Microprobe Mass Spectrometry in Biology and Biomedicine

An overview is given of laser microprobe mass spectrometry (LMMS) in biology and biomedicine (1989-1993). The present instrumentation and its analytical features are surveyed. Applications are presented with special attention on human and animal tissue samples, as well as plant material. The capabilities of LMMS to study the element distribution in histological sections, to identify the chemical composition of inorganic inclusions and to generate structural information from organic compounds are evidenced

Dry aerosol deposition over the North Sea estimated from aircraft measurements

A mathematical approach based on the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory is used to predict the wind speed, friction velocity and drag coefficient, which are then introduced in the well-known deposition model of Slinn and Slinn (1980), to calculate the dry deposition of heavy metals into the North Sea. This model is perfectly suitable for aircraft sampling considering the fact that usually due to safety reasons, flights at the reference height used in deposition models (10m), are not possible. To check this approach, deposition velocities were calculated based on the airborne concentrations of Cu, Cd, Zn and Pb obtained by sampling with the aid of an aircraft over the Dutch continental shelf of the North Sea. Results are in agreement with those found in the literature. A rough estimation of the atmospheric input for these heavy metals and comparison with riverine inputs and direct discharges is also included