2-[((E)-2-{2-[(E)-2-Hy­droxy­benzyl­idene]hydrazinecarbon­yl}hydrazinyl­idene)meth­yl]phenol

The mol­ecule of the title compound, C15H14N4O3, is completed by the application of crystallographic twofold symmetry, with the carbonyl group lying on the rotation axis. The mol­ecule is close to planar: the greatest deviation of a torsion angle from 0° is 7.3 (2)° about the bond linking the phenol ring to the rest of the mol­ecule. An intra­molecular O—H⋯N(imine) hydrogen bond is formed in each half of the mol­ecule. The carbonyl O atom is anti with respect to the amine H atoms and this allows for the formation of N—H⋯O(hydrox­yl) hydrogen bonds in the crystal, which results in supra­molecular layers lying parallel to (100)

N′-[(2Z)-4-Oxo-4-phenyl­but-2-en-2-yl]pyridine-4-carbohydrazide

There are significant twists in the title compound, C16H15N3O2, as seen in the dihedral angle between the benzene and adjacent but-2-enal group [29.26 (4)°] and between the pyridine ring and amide group [24.79 (6)°]. A twist is also evident around the hydrazine bond [the C—N—N—C torsion angle is −138.25 (13)°]. The conformation about the ethene bond is Z. An intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond involving the benzoyl O atom and leading to an S(6) motif is formed. Significant delocalization of π-electron density is found in this part of the mol­ecule. In the crystal, helical supra­molecular chains aligned along the b axis and mediated by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are formed

Noise induced rupture process: Phase boundary and scaling of waiting time distribution

A bundle of fibers has been considered here as a model for composite materials, where breaking of the fibers occur due to a combined influence of applied load (stress) and external noise. Through numerical simulation and a mean-field calculation we show that there exists a robust phase boundary between continuous (no waiting time) and intermittent fracturing regimes. In the intermittent regime, throughout the entire rupture process avalanches of different sizes are produced and there is a waiting time between two consecutive avalanches. The statistics of waiting times follows a Gamma distribution and the avalanche distribution shows power law scaling, similar to what have been observed in case of earthquake events and bursts in fracture experiments. We propose a prediction scheme that can tell when the system is expected to reach the continuous fracturing point from the intermittent phase.Comment: 6 pages, 8 figure

N′-[(E)-2-Hy­droxy-5-iodo­benzyl­idene]furan-2-carbohydrazide monohydrate

The organic mol­ecule of the title monohydrate, C12H9IN2O3·H2O, features a disordered furyl ring with the major component [site occupancy = 0.575 (18)] having the carbonyl O and furyl O atoms syn, and the other conformation having these atoms anti. The mol­ecule is slightly twisted with the dihedral angle between the benzene and furyl rings being 10.3 (6)° (major component). An intra­molecular O—H⋯N(imine) hydrogen bond is formed. In the crystal, the water mol­ecule accepts a hydrogen bond from an amine H atom, and forms two O—H⋯O(carbon­yl) hydrogen bonds, thereby linking three different carbohydrazide mol­ecules. The result is a supra­molecular layer parallel to (001). The closest contacts between layers are of the type I⋯I, at a distance of 3.6986 (6) Å

Concomitant yield optimization of tannase and gallic acid by Bacillus licheniformis KBR6 through submerged fermentation : an industrial approach

The present study is concerned with the evaluation of tannase and gallic acid production effi cacy of Bacillus licheniformis KBR6 under diff erent environmental conditions through submerged fermentation. Results have shown that diff erent environmental conditions and mineral sources have diff erential infl uences on tannase and gallic acid production. Highest tannase and gallic acid yield was observed at incubation period of 18 h and 22 h, respectively. At tannic acid concentration of 15 g/l, maximum cell mass (0.75 g/l), cell yield coeffi cient (0.08 g/g), specifi c growth rate (37.5 mg/g/h), tannase yield (16.3 U/g) and specifi c tannase production rate (0.80 U/g/h) were observed, however, at higher tannic acid concentration a decrease in tannase yield and production rate were observed, but gallic acid production increased with increasing tannic acid concentration. Additional carbohydrate sources like glucose, fructose, and lactose showed positive infl uence on enzyme yield. Among the studied nitrogen sources urea and NH4Cl, and of the phosphate sources KH2PO4 showed favourable eff ects on cell growth and simultaneous enzyme and gallic acid production. Temperature of 35 °C was found to be optimum for tannase and gallic acid production. Of all the studied metal ions Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ showed positive eff ect whereas, Co2+, Ag2+, Pb2+, Hg2+ showed inhibitory eff ects

Fluid Induced Particle Size Segregation in Sheared Granular Assemblies

We perform a two-dimensional molecular-dynamics study of a model for sheared bidisperse granular systems under conditions of simple shear and Poiseuille flow. We propose a mechanism for particle-size segregation based on the observation that segregation occurs if the viscous length scale introduced by a liquid in the system is smaller than of the order of the particle size. We show that the ratio of shear rate to viscosity must be small if one wants to find size segregation. In this case the particles in the system arrange themselves in bands of big and small particles oriented along the direction of the flow. Similarly, in Poiseuille flow we find the formation of particle bands. Here, in addition, the variety of time scales in the flow leads to an aggregation of particles in the zones of low shear rate and can suppress size segregation in these regions. The results have been verified against simulations using a full Navier-Stokes description for the liquid.Comment: 11 pages, REVTEX format, ps figures compressed uuencoded separately or by e-mail from [email protected]. A postscript version of the paper will be available from http://www.ica1.uni-stuttgart.de/local/WWW/papers/papers.htm

Mean field and Monte Carlo studies of the magnetization-reversal transition in the Ising model

Detailed mean field and Monte Carlo studies of the dynamic magnetization-reversal transition in the Ising model in its ordered phase under a competing external magnetic field of finite duration have been presented here. Approximate analytical treatment of the mean field equations of motion shows the existence of diverging length and time scales across this dynamic transition phase boundary. These are also supported by numerical solutions of the complete mean field equations of motion and the Monte Carlo study of the system evolving under Glauber dynamics in both two and three dimensions. Classical nucleation theory predicts different mechanisms of domain growth in two regimes marked by the strength of the external field, and the nature of the Monte Carlo phase boundary can be comprehended satisfactorily using the theory. The order of the transition changes from a continuous to a discontinuous one as one crosses over from coalescence regime (stronger field) to nucleation regime (weaker field). Finite size scaling theory can be applied in the coalescence regime, where the best fit estimates of the critical exponents are obtained for two and three dimensions.Comment: 16 pages latex, 13 ps figures, typos corrected, references adde