Colorblind Ideology and Perceptions of Minority Children During a Fictionalized Parent-Child Discipline Scene

Belief in colorblind ideology among 200 social service providers and its associations with their evaluations of a fictionalized minority family were examined. Perceptions of the family in the first scenes of the movie Crooklyn included the mother’s competency, abusiveness, supportiveness, and irresponsibility, as well as her children’s respectfulness, obedience, lack of control, and aggressiveness. Colorblind ideology was operationalized as participants’ reported degree of belief that differences should be ignored when encountering others. Significant associations were found between degree of belief in ignoring differences and perceptions of the children as aggressive and out-of-control. Therefore, as the tendency to believe in ignoring differences increased, the tendency to see the Crooklyn children as aggressive and out-of- control also increased. Imposing colorblind ideologies when evaluating minority children may be associated with increasingly negative perceptions, and therefore may not be in the children’s best interest. Implications for improving social service-provision also are discussed

Reliability and Cost Evaluation of Third-Generation Wireless Access Network Topologies: A Case Study

Abstract-The "explosive growth in bursty traffic" changes the network dynamics and requires a good evaluation of various classes of service when designing an access network. From a topological standpoint, the multiservice networks in this paper are heterogeneous systems which integrate both a core and some wireless access networks into an infrastructure similar to third-generation wireless networks. Such networks require reliable and cost-effective solutions to the problem of selecting access technologies for satisfying performance and quality of service requirements related to the services and applications envisioned. This paper analyzes the reliability aspects of some access network topologies to insure a certain level of quality of service at the lowest cost for the end users. It considers a mass market equivalent to 1.6 million subscribers, the objective being to determine the cost the users are ready to pay to benefit from services and applications provided by these multiservice networks. For these purposes, the relative behavior of 3 access-network topologies are studied: the tree with parallel backup links, the ring, and the partially meshed topologies. In ring topology, simulation results show that a great connectivity in the access network is not justified in terms of reliability requirements; the partially meshed topology, even if it has redundant links which affect its cost, outperforms the tree with parallel backup links; and the ring topology is more reliable in terms of disconnected sessions than the tree topology. By considering both reliability and cost, a tree with parallel backup links appears the best topology for the access network and its cost is acceptable for the end user. This study can be extended by: 1) establishing the cost as a function of the quality of service; 2) optimizing the partially meshed topology for more reliable networks; and 3) defining a (shaping) policy to deal with a variety of traffic schemes. Index Terms-Access network, cost evaluation, multi-service network, quality of service, third-generation wireless network, topological design. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 1 ADSL asymmetric digital subscriber line AR access router ATM asynchronous transfer mod

Phylogenomic Analysis of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Bovismorbificans from Clinical and Food Samples Using Whole Genome Wide Core Genes and kmer Binning Methods to Identify Two Distinct Polyphyletic Genome Pathotypes

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Bovismorbificans has caused multiple outbreaks involving the consumption of produce, hummus, and processed meat products worldwide. To elucidate the intra-serovar genomic structure of S. Bovismorbificans, a core-genome analysis with 2690 loci (based on 150 complete genomes representing Salmonella enterica serovars developed as part of this study) and a k-mer-binning based strategy were carried out on 95 whole genome sequencing (WGS) assemblies from Swiss, Canadian, and USA collections of S. Bovismorbificans strains from foodborne infections. Data mining of a digital DNA tiling array of legacy SARA and SARB strains was conducted to identify near-neighbors of S. Bovismorbificans. The core genome analysis and the k-mer-binning methods identified two polyphyletic clusters, each with emerging evolutionary properties. Four STs (2640, 142, 1499, and 377), which constituted the majority of the publicly available WGS datasets from >260 strains analyzed by k-mer-binning based strategy, contained a conserved core genome backbone with a different evolutionary lineage as compared to strains comprising the other cluster (ST150). In addition, the assortment of genotypic features contributing to pathogenesis and persistence, such as antimicrobial resistance, prophage, plasmid, and virulence factor genes, were assessed to understand the emerging characteristics of this serovar that are relevant clinically and for food safety concerns. The phylogenomic profiling of polyphyletic S. Bovismorbificans in this study corresponds to intra-serovar variations observed in S. Napoli and S. Newport serovars using similar high-resolution genomic profiling approaches and contributes to the understanding of the evolution and sequence divergence of foodborne Salmonellae. These intra-serovar differences may have to be thoroughly understood for the accurate classification of foodborne Salmonella strains needed for the uniform development of future food safety mitigation strategies

Characterization of Cronobacter sakazakii Strains Originating from Plant-Origin Foods Using Comparative Genomic Analyses and Zebrafish Infectivity Studies

Cronobacter sakazakii continues to be isolated from ready-to-eat fresh and frozen produce, flours, dairy powders, cereals, nuts, and spices, in addition to the conventional sources of powdered infant formulae (PIF) and PIF production environments. To understand the sequence diversity, phylogenetic relationship, and virulence of C. sakazakii originating from plant-origin foods, comparative molecular and genomic analyses, and zebrafish infection (ZI) studies were applied to 88 strains. Whole genome sequences of the strains were generated for detailed bioinformatic analysis. PCR analysis showed that all strains possessed a pESA3-like virulence plasmid similar to reference C. sakazakii clinical strain BAA-894. Core genome analysis confirmed a shared genomic backbone with other C. sakazakii strains from food, clinical and environmental strains. Emerging nucleotide diversity in these plant-origin strains was highlighted using single nucleotide polymorphic alleles in 2000 core genes. DNA hybridization analyses using a pan-genomic microarray showed that these strains clustered according to sequence types (STs) identified by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). PHASTER analysis identified 185 intact prophage gene clusters encompassing 22 different prophages, including three intact Cronobacter prophages: ENT47670, ENT39118, and phiES15. AMRFinderPlus analysis identified the CSA family class C β-lactamase gene in all strains and a plasmid-borne mcr-9.1 gene was identified in three strains. ZI studies showed that some plant-origin C. sakazakii display virulence comparable to clinical strains. Finding virulent plant-origin C. sakazakii possessing significant genomic features of clinically relevant STs suggests that these foods can serve as potential transmission vehicles and supports widening the scope of continued surveillance for this important foodborne pathogen

Minority Perspectives on Enhancing Engagement and Belonging in a Liberal Arts Environment

Three women of color-a professor and two students-describe the role that community engagement has played in helping them gain a sense of belonging in a predominantly white, liberal arts college environment. They discuss how engagement with one another within these three domains assists in their adjustment and retention, as well as how their engagement contributes to the community