Characteristics of Early-Onset vs Late-Onset Colorectal Cancer: A Review.

The incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer (younger than 50 years) is rising globally, the reasons for which are unclear. It appears to represent a unique disease process with different clinical, pathological, and molecular characteristics compared with late-onset colorectal cancer. Data on oncological outcomes are limited, and sensitivity to conventional neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy regimens appear to be unknown. The purpose of this review is to summarize the available literature on early-onset colorectal cancer. Within the next decade, it is estimated that 1 in 10 colon cancers and 1 in 4 rectal cancers will be diagnosed in adults younger than 50 years. Potential risk factors include a Westernized diet, obesity, antibiotic usage, and alterations in the gut microbiome. Although genetic predisposition plays a role, most cases are sporadic. The full spectrum of germline and somatic sequence variations implicated remains unknown. Younger patients typically present with descending colonic or rectal cancer, advanced disease stage, and unfavorable histopathological features. Despite being more likely to receive neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy, patients with early-onset disease demonstrate comparable oncological outcomes with their older counterparts. The clinicopathological features, underlying molecular profiles, and drivers of early-onset colorectal cancer differ from those of late-onset disease. Standardized, age-specific preventive, screening, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies are required to optimize outcomes

Post-Operative Functional Outcomes in Early Age Onset Rectal Cancer

Background: Impairment of bowel, urogenital and fertility-related function in patients treated for rectal cancer is common. While the rate of rectal cancer in the young (<50 years) is rising, there is little data on functional outcomes in this group. Methods: The REACCT international collaborative database was reviewed and data on eligible patients analysed. Inclusion criteria comprised patients with a histologically confirmed rectal cancer, <50 years of age at time of diagnosis and with documented follow-up including functional outcomes. Results: A total of 1428 (n=1428) patients met the eligibility criteria and were included in the final analysis. Metastatic disease was present at diagnosis in 13%. Of these, 40% received neoadjuvant therapy and 50% adjuvant chemotherapy. The incidence of post-operative major morbidity was 10%. A defunctioning stoma was placed for 621 patients (43%); 534 of these proceeded to elective restoration of bowel continuity. The median follow-up time was 42 months. Of this cohort, a total of 415 (29%) reported persistent impairment of functional outcomes, the most frequent of which was bowel dysfunction (16%), followed by bladder dysfunction (7%), sexual dysfunction (4.5%) and infertility (1%). Conclusion: A substantial proportion of patients with early-onset rectal cancer who undergo surgery report persistent impairment of functional status. Patients should be involved in the discussion regarding their treatment options and potential impact on quality of life. Functional outcomes should be routinely recorded as part of follow up alongside oncological parameters

Implementacja technologii informacyjnej w nauczaniu grafiki inżynierskiej

Implementation of the modern information technologies in Engineering Graphics education provides a good foundation for acquisition of knowledge and skills which are necessary in engineering practice. In general, we seek to develop creative invention in future engineer: he should be not only a user of CAD systems, but he should have practice of customization of the CAD software to his specific needs. This will ensure fluid adaptation of the contemporary engineer to change according to rapid development in technology. Therefore, there is of utmost importance to incorporate contemporary computer aided design technologies into teaching of engineering graphics. This paper focuses on a teaching methodology of engineering graphics with in AutoCAD frameworks. Experience with visual programming languages indicates that visual languages for design might be able to provide the programming capabilities required for building parameterized designs, while at the same time integrating more closely with the drafting and solid modeling aspects of the computer design system. Support for parameterized designs is also provided in the AutoCAD, but it is quite rudimentary. AutoCAD supplies AutoLISP for programming. So the students develop the additional specialized command environment and applications of the parametric design strategy by applying AutoLISP programs. This approach enables us not only to teach students integration technologies with different commercial CAD software but this allows for students to create their own environment of the commands for computer design.W pracy zaprezentowano nową metodologię nauczania grafiki inżynierskiej wprowadzaną obecnie na wileńskim Uniwersytecie Technicznym im. Gedymina. Nauczanie to realizowane jest przez poznawanie obsługi komercyjnych programów graficznych, tworzenie własnych środowisk poleceń generowanych w języku AutoLISP w trzech aspektach: pedagogicznym opartym na paradygmacie zdobywania wiedzy, graficznym (geometrycznym) wyrażającym się w poprawnej wizualizacji trójwymiarowych obiektów i poprawnym ich zapisie w dwóch wymiarach oraz informatycznym przejawiającym się w nauce syntaktyki i semantyki poleceń AutoCAD i AutoLISP

Recent Fuzzy Generalisations of Rough Sets Theory: A Systematic Review and Methodological Critique of the Literature

Rough set theory has been used extensively in fields of complexity, cognitive sciences, and artificial intelligence, especially in numerous fields such as expert systems, knowledge discovery, information system, inductive reasoning, intelligent systems, data mining, pattern recognition, decision-making, and machine learning. Rough sets models, which have been recently proposed, are developed applying the different fuzzy generalisations. Currently, there is not a systematic literature review and classification of these new generalisations about rough set models. Therefore, in this review study, the attempt is made to provide a comprehensive systematic review of methodologies and applications of recent generalisations discussed in the area of fuzzy-rough set theory. On this subject, the Web of Science database has been chosen to select the relevant papers. Accordingly, the systematic and meta-analysis approach, which is called "PRISMA," has been proposed and the selected articles were classified based on the author and year of publication, author nationalities, application field, type of study, study category, study contribution, and journal in which the articles have appeared. Based on the results of this review, we found that there are many challenging issues related to the different application area of fuzzy-rough set theory which can motivate future research studies