26 research outputs found
Acetabular Revision Arthroplasty: Using the Hastings Bipolar Head to Enable Retention of a Well-Fixed Monoblock Stem
Using Categories defined by Chromosome Bands
Typically, in higher organisms, each chromosome has a centromere and two arms. The short arm is called the p arm and the longer arm the q arm. Chromosome bands (see Figure 1) are identified by differential staining, usually with Giemsa-based stains, and many disease-related defects have been mapped to these bands; such mappings have played an important role in classical cytogenetics. With the availability of complete sequences for several genomes, there have been efforts to link these bands with specific sequence locations (Furey and Haussler, 2003). The estimated location of the bands in the reference genomes can be obtained from the UCSC genome browser, and data linking genes to particular bands can be obtained from a variety of sources such as the NCBI. This vignette demonstrates tools that allow the use of categories derived from chromosome bands, that is, the relevant categories are determined a priori by a mapping of genes to chromosome bands. Figure 1 shows an ideogram of human chromosome 12, with the band 12q21 shaded. As shown in the figure, 12q21 can be divided into more granular levels 12q21.1, 12q21.2, and 12q21.3. 12q21.3 can itself be divided at an even finer level of resolution into 12q21.31, 12q21.32, and 12q21.33. Moving towards less granular bands, 12q21 is a part of 12q2 which i
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Determination of Swimming Speeds and Energetic Demands of Upriver Migrating Fall Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha) in the Klickitat River, Washington.
This report describes a study conducted by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the Bonneville Power Administration's Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Program during the fall of 2001. The objective was to study the migration and energy use of adult fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) traveling up the Klickitat River to spawn. The salmon were tagged with either surgically implanted electromyogram (EMG) transmitters or gastrically implanted coded transmitters and were monitored with mobile and stationary receivers. Swim speed and aerobic and anaerobic energy use were determined for the fish as they attempted passage of three waterfalls on the lower Klickitat River and as they traversed free-flowing stretches between, below, and above the falls. Of the 35 EMG-tagged fish released near the mouth of the Klickitat River, 40% passed the first falls, 24% passed the second falls, and 20% made it to Lyle Falls. None of the EMG-tagged fish were able to pass Lyle Falls, either over the falls or via a fishway at Lyle Falls. Mean swimming speeds ranged from as low as 52.6 centimeters per second (cm s{sup -1}) between falls to as high as 189 (cm s{sup -1}) at falls passage. Fish swam above critical swimming speeds while passing the falls more often than while swimming between the falls (58.9% versus 1.7% of the transmitter signals). However, fish expended more energy swimming the stretches between the falls than during actual falls passage (100.7 to 128.2 kilocalories [kcals] to traverse areas between or below falls versus 0.3 to 1.0 kcals to pass falls). Relationships between sex, length, and time of day on the success of falls passage were also examined. Average swimming speeds were highest during the day in all areas except at some waterfalls. There was no apparent relationship between either fish condition or length and successful passage of waterfalls in the lower Klickitat River. Female fall chinook salmon, however, had a much lower likelihood of passing waterfalls than males. The study also examined energy costs and swimming speeds for fish released above Lyle Falls as they migrated to upstream spawning areas. This journey averaged 15.93 days to travel a mean maximum of 37.6 km upstream at a total energy cost of approx 3,971 kcals (34% anaerobic and 66% aerobic) for a sample of five fish. A bioenergetics example was run, which estimated that fall chinook salmon would expend an estimated 1,208 kcal to pass from the mouth of the Columbia River to Bonneville Dam and 874 kcals to pass Bonneville Dam and pool and the three falls on the Lower Klickitat River, plus an additional 2,770 kcals above the falls to reach the spawning grounds, leaving them with approximately 18% (1,089 kcals) of their original energy reserves for spawning. Results of the bioenergetics example suggest that a delay of 9 to 11 days along the lower Klickitat River may deplete their remaining energy reserves (at a rate of about 105 kcal d{sup -1}) resulting in death before spawning would occur