Influence of chilled and frozen storage on the stability of trout and herring fillet

Effects of chilled and frozen storage on specific enthalpy (ΔH) and transition temperature (Td) of protein denaturation as well as on selected functional properties of muscle tissue of rainbow trout and herring were investigated. The Td of myosin shifted from 39 to 33 °C during chilling of trout post mortem, but was also influenced by pH. Toughening during frozen storage of trout fillet was characterized by an increased storage modulus of a gel made from the raw fillet. Differences between long term and short term frozen stored, cooked trout fillet were identified by a compression test and a consumer panel. These changes did not affect the Td and ΔH of heat denaturation during one year of frozen storage at –20 °C. In contrast the Td of two myosin peaks of herring shifted during frozen storage at –20 °C to a significant lower value and overlaid finally. Myosin was aggregated by hydrophobic protein-protein interactions. Both thermal properties of myosin and chemical composition were sample specific for wild herring, but were relative constant for farmed trout samples over one year. Determination of Td was very precise (standard deviation <2 %) at a low scanning rate (≤ 0.25 K·min-1) and is useful for monitoring the quality of chilled and frozen stored trout and herring

Mythengewänder des Buddhismus: Darbietungen der Sieben Patriarchen der Jodo Shinshu

Patriarchen übernehmen in der Geschichte des Buddhismus eine zentrale Funktion. Durch die Bestimmung solcher Vorboten einer bestimmten Schule gelingt es, die in der Regel komplexe Genealogie auf wenige Persönlichkeiten abzukürzen und somit verständlicher zu machen. Bezugnahmen auf Patriarchen lassen sich in zwei Formen denken. Zum einen kann eine Schule auf sie mittels doktrinärer Bezüge verweisen. Dies geschieht, wenn ein doktrinärer Text Zitate der Patriarchen anführt. Die andere mögliche Bezugnahme ist die Verarbeitung mittels sagenhafter Erzählungen, die das Bewusstsein um diese wichtigen Persönlichkeiten in einer religiösen Gruppierung festigt. Die Untersuchung der Mechanismen innerhalb dieser zweiten Bezugnahme ist Inhalt des vorliegenden Aufsatzes. Die sagenhaften Erzählungen werden als Mythen definiert, um unter Zuhilfenahme der Mythosuntersuchungen von Roland Barthes und Rudolf Bultmann die Frage stellen zu können, wie Patriarchenmythen im ständigen Prozess der Lehrexegese reproduziert werden und welche Neubildungen dabei zu beobachten sind. Zentrale These ist, dass zum einen Lehrtexte und Mythen konstitutiv miteinander verwoben sind und zum anderen Mythen ebenso wie doktrinäre Texte stets von sich heraus Neubearbeitungen fordern. Als Beispiel dieser Mythenbildungsprozesse wird der Mythos der Sieben Patriarchen der in Japan von Shinran (1173-1262) gegründeten buddhistischen Jōdo Shin-Schule herangeführt. Hierbei werden zum einen der von Shinran selbst geschaffene Mythos und zum anderen jeweils eine Neubearbeitung aus dem 15., 18. und 19. Jahrhundert miteinander verglichen und analysiert. Es wird abschließend diskutiert, wie ein Mythos dem Leser seinen Gegenstand gleichzeitig mit Entfremdung und Nahbarmachung präsentiert und wie dabei die Gültigkeit dieser Präsentation im Laufe historischen Wandels stets neu eingelöst werden muss.Patriarchs play a significant role in the history of Buddhism. Establishing a certain number of predecessors helps shorten the – usually complex – genealogy of a given sect to a distinct, easily understood and memorized, number of important figures. References to Patriarchs can be imagined in two ways. One is based on doctrine and occurs when a doctrinal text presents quotations of the patriarchs. The other possible way of reference lies in legendary tales which support the awareness of these eminent people within a religious group. This paper analyzes this second kind of references. Legendary tales are here defined as myths in order to build on Roland Barthes and Rudolf Bultmann’s analyses of myths when investigating how myths about patriarchs are reproduced during the permanent process of doctrinal exegeses, and which new formations can be observed. The main assumptions are that doctrinal texts and myths are fundamentally connected and that both types of texts naturally require constant readaptations. As an example for these processes in the constructions of myths I analyze the myth about the Seven Patriarchs, which can be observed in the Japanese Buddhist Jōdo Shin-sect founded by Shinran (1173-1262). In this paper I compare and discuss the myth created by Shinran himself and one new adaptation each from the 15th, 18th and 19th centuries. Finally I argue that a myth presents its contents to its readers simultaneously through processes of alienation and of familiarization and that this function continually has to be revalidated adapting to historical changes

<Articles>Reconsidering the religious layers of the Art of Tea : Kencha-ceremonies and the central meaning of a tea offering

The Art of Tea is often considered to see its most natural expression in Rinzai Zen Buddhism, and most research on the religious meaning of Japanese Tea has regarded Zen as its ultimate reference. There is no doubt that the close connection between Tea and Zen begins at a very early stage in the development of the Art of Tea, namely, with the appearance of Shukō (1423–1502). However, Murata's standpoint is neither the earliest point in the religious history of Tea in Japan nor an adequate reflection of the manifold connections between Buddhism and Tea at present. I will reconsider the adequacy of Zen's predominant role in the Art of Tea in two steps. I will first analyse the theories on the Art of Tea by Yanagi Muneyoshi and Sen Sōoku (Zuien-sai). Then, I will deal with kencha ceremonies as a material aspect of Tea religion. This relatively young phenomenon of public tea offerings at temples and shrines creates a unique religious space that combines art with religion. An analysis of present kencha ceremonies and their historical model in Buddhist practice by using the results of part one can provide a new understanding of the religious side of the Art of Tea