Внедрение газокомпрессорной станции в систему утилизации попутного нефтяного газа

В процессе работы был рассмотрен максимально эффективный метод утилизации попутного нефтяного газа для данного месторождения, который позволяет утилизировать 95% попутного нефтяного газа.In the course of the work, the most efficient method of utilization of associated petroleum gas for this field was considered, which allows utilizing 95% of associated petroleum gas

Validierung eines Fragebogens zu Problemen der Krankheitsakzeptanz bei Diabetes mellitus: Diabetes Acceptance Scale (DAS)

Fragestellung: Probleme der Diabetesakzeptanz sind assoziiert mit non-adhärentem Selbstbehandlungsverhalten und hyperglykämischer Blutzuckereinstellung. Zur Erfassung von Diabetesakzeptanzproblemen existierte bisher allerdings nur ein recht limitiertes Messinstrument, der Acceptance and Action Diabetes Questionnaire (AADQ). Um differenziertere Messungen zu ermöglichen, wurde die Diabetes Acceptance Scale (DAS) entwickelt, deren Validierung hier berichtet wird. Methodik: Die DAS ist eine 28-Item-Selbstberichtsskala mit Subskalen zur diabetesbezogenen „Akzeptanz/Integration“, „Behandlungsmotivation“, „Abwehr/Vermeidung“ und „emotionalen Belastung“ sowie einer Summenskala zur Gesamt-Diabetesakzeptanz; Entwicklung beschrieben in Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel 2015; 10 – P137. 460 Diabetespatienten (50% Typ-1, 48% Typ-2, 2% Typ-3; 50% weiblich; Alter 52 ± 15 Jahre; BMI 30 ± 7 kg/m2; Diabetesdauer 15 ± 12 Jahre; HbA1c 7,8 ± 1,4%) bearbeiteten die DAS sowie Fragebögen zu Diabetesakzeptanzproblemen (AADQ), diabetesbezogener Belastung (PAID-5), depressiver Stimmung (PHQ-9) und Diabetes-Selbstbehandlungsverhalten (DSMQ). Gleichzeitig wurde der HbA1c-Wert bestimmt. Anhand dieser Daten wurden Kennwerte der Reliabilität (Cronbachs α) und Validität (kriterienbezogene Korrelationen) der DAS untersucht. Ergebnisse: Alle DAS-Skalen zeigten durchweg hohe Reliabilität (Subskalen: α= 0,89 – 0,93; Summenskala: α= 0,96). Höhere DAS-Summenwerte (bessere Diabetesakzeptanz) waren hoch korreliert mit weniger Diabetesakzeptanzproblemen nach AADQ (r=-0,65), geringerer diabetesbezogener Belastung (r=-0,69) und weniger Depressivität (r=-0,56); alle P< 0,001. Weiter korrelierten höhere DAS-Summenwerte mit günstigeren Selbstbehandlungsverhaltensweisen nach DSMQ (diabetesgerechte Ernährung: r= 0,56; Medikamentenadhärenz: r= 0,54; Blutzuckerselbstkontrolle: r= 0,42; körperliche Betätigung: r= 0,26; Arztkontakt: r= 0,51) sowie einer besseren Blutzuckereinstellung (HbA1c-Wert: r=-0,42); alle P< 0,001. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse sprechen für eine hohe Reliabilität und Validität der Diabetes Acceptance Scale. Die Skala erscheint als sehr gutes Messinstrument zur Erkennung von Problemen der Diabetesakzeptanz sowie zur besseren Erforschung dieser gravierenden psychologischen Problematik

Lateral electrical transport, optical properties and photocurrent measurements in two-dimensional arrays of silicon nanocrystals embedded in SiO2

In this study we investigate the electronic transport, the optical properties, and photocurrent in two-dimensional arrays of silicon nanocrystals (Si NCs) embedded in silicon dioxide, grown on quartz and having sizes in the range between less than 2 and 20 nm. Electronic transport is determined by the collective effect of Coulomb blockade gaps in the Si NCs. Absorption spectra show the well-known upshift of the energy bandgap with decreasing NC size. Photocurrent follows the absorption spectra confirming that it is composed of photo-generated carriers within the Si NCs. In films containing Si NCs with sizes less than 2 nm, strong quantum confinement and exciton localization are observed, resulting in light emission and absence of photocurrent. Our results show that Si NCs are useful building blocks of photovoltaic devices for use as better absorbers than bulk Si in the visible and ultraviolet spectral range. However, when strong quantum confinement effects come into play, carrier transport is significantly reduced due to strong exciton localization and Coulomb blockade effects, thus leading to limited photocurrent

Group decision-making theories for child and family social work

There is increasing interest in decision making in social work. Much of the attention has been on individual professional judgement rather than on group decisions processes. This paper outlines key theoretical approaches from diverse fields of knowledge for conceptualising professional group decision processes in child and family social work, as a framework for future research and more focused theoretical developments. The main theoretical approaches considered include (1) group consensus processes; (2) exchange and the use of information; (3) naturalistic studies emphasising group complexity; and (4) incremental improvement processes. The analysis highlights the possible impact of individual, organisational and contextual factors, as well as their complex interconnections, on group decision making. The paper provides a valuable resource for reflecting on group decision processes in child and family social work, and how they complement individual professional judgements and the interactive processes with children and families. Next steps for the development of practice, policy, and research to improve group decision making are discussed. Using theoretical models to underpin empirical research will enable greater connection to be made between studies, and hence further the knowledge base for social work in this field

Si/SiO2 multiple quantum wells for all silicon tandem cells: Conductivity and photocurrent measurements

Si SiO2 multiple quantum wells QWs are fabricated by remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition and subsequent rapid thermal annealing. The deposited QWs show strong carrier confinement resulting in effective band gap energies of up to 1.6 eV in 1 nm thick Si wells. The electrical transport characteristics of the QWs are assessed by current voltage measurements in vertical perpendicular to the Si SiO2 interfaces and lateral parallel to the interfaces direction. These measurements show a four orders of magnitude increased conductivity in lateral direction compared to QWs with vertical contacts. From lateral photoconductivity measurements mobility lifetime products are derived as a function of QW thicknes

Content and composition of atmospheric and greenhouse gases in underground ice of different genesis

Актуальность. Парниковый эффект связывают с поступлением метана и углекислого газа из оттаивающих газонасыщенных льдистых пород, а их содержание в подземных льдах недостаточно изучено. Для оценки содержания газов в отложениях и льдах, объемов поступления газов в атмосферу используют разные и несопоставимые методы отбора проб газа. При обобщении данных об углеродной эмиссии в Арктической зоне необходимо учитывать методы определения содержания и состава газов и химический состав, наличие органических и минеральных включений в генетических типах подземных льдов. Цель: определить содержание и состав газов в распространенных генетических типах подземных льдов и мерзлых отложений; определить сопоставимость результатов разных методов отбора газа для оценки масштабов эмиссии парниковых газов в атмосферу на фоне протаивания мерзлоты. Объекты: подземные льды сегрегационного, термокарстово-полостного и повторно-жильного генезиса, льдистые мерзлые отложения севера Западной Сибири на о. Белый, Западном Ямале, севере Гыдана и Пур-Тазовском междуречье, собранные экспедициями ИКЗ ТюмНЦ СО РАН в 2014-2019 гг. Методы исследования и интерпретации химического состава. Использованы два метода извлечения газа из монолитов мерзлых пород и льда: метод термовакуумной дегазации и метод «headspace». Метод термовакуумной дегазации в лабораторных условиях с определением объёма газа в образце льда был использован как референтный. Состав атмосферных и парниковых газов определен методом газовой хроматографии. Проведено сравнение содержания газа во льдах и мерзлом торфе с содержанием газа в атмосфере, значениями растворимости газа в воде. Выполнен корреляционный анализ содержания газов в распространенных типах подземных льдов и мерзлом торфе. Результаты. Установлено, что газ, заключенный в подземных льдах и мерзлом торфе, по относительному содержанию азота и кислорода близок к атмосферному. В пробах выявлены большие вариации содержания метана от 4 до 1,7•104 ppmV и углекислого газа от 7 до 2,7•103 ppmV, которые связаны с различными условиями для продуцирования и накопления парниковых газов в мерзлой толще. Установлено преобладание содержаний углекислого газа над метаном в сегрегационных и повторно-жильных льдах. Максимальные концентрации метана (от 1,1•103 до 1,7•104 ppmV) обнаружены в сегрегационномиграционных льдах бугра пучения и клиновидных льдах. Избыток метана в приповерхностных сегрегационно-миграционных льдах связан с его накоплением в оттаивавших отложениях таликов и последующим льдовыделением при промерзании в замкнутой системе. Установлены высокие содержания углекислого газа (до 1,1Установлены высокие содержания углекислого газа (до 1,1•103 ppmV) и метана (до 222 ppmV) в сегрегационном льду в торфе, их источником является органическое вещество, разлагающееся в переменных аэробных и анаэробных условиях под действием бактерий, поэтому торфяники являются значительным источником поступления углекислого газа в атмосферу. Проведена оценка воспроизводимости и сопоставимости методов термовакуумной дегазации и «headspace» при исследовании льдов и мерзлых отложений в разрезе торфяника в районе с. Газ-Сале. Установлено, что концентрации метана при опробовании методом «headspace» завышены в 3-70 раз по сравнению с величинами, определенными методом термовакуумной дегазации. Это обусловлено низкой растворимостью метана и преобладанием его в пузырьках, а углекислый газ и часть кислорода остаются растворены в воде и не переходят в пробу газа. Следовательно, данных о содержании газа, определенного методом «headspace», недостаточно для оценки объемов эмиссии парниковых газов, поскольку эти величины характеризуют состав нерастворенного газа. Метод термовакуумной дегазации позволяет рассчитать и оценить объемы поступления газов из оттаивающих мерзлых толщ.The relevance. The greenhouse effect is often associated with methane and carbon dioxide emission from the thawing gas-saturated icy deposits. The relationship between the increase in concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and their content in underground ice and frozen deposits has not been sufficiently studied. Different and incomparable methods of gas sampling from frozen deposits and ice are used to assess the content of gases in sediments and ice, the volume of gases entering the atmosphere. When generalizing the data on carbon emissions in the Arctic zone, it is necessary to take into account both the methods of determining the content and composition of gases and the different chemical composition, the presence of organic and mineral inclusions in genetic types of underground ice. The aim of the research is to determine the results of different methods of gas sampling from ice and to establish the relationship between the content and composition of gases in common genetic types of ground ice. Objects: genesis types of ice (segregated, closed-cavity, and ice wedge), icy frozen deposits of the north of Western Siberia: on the Bely island, on Western Yamal, on the north of Gydan and the Pur-Taz interfluve, collected in expeditions of the Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tyumen scientific center SB RAS in 2014-2019. Research methods and interpretation of chemical composition. The thermal vacuum degassing method and the «headspace» method were used for gas extraction from frozen monoliths and ice. The thermal vacuum degassing method in laboratory conditions with the determination of the gas volume in the ice sample was used as a reference. The method of gas chromatography was applied to determine the composition of atmospheric and greenhouse gases. Gas content in ice and gas content in frozen peat that contains gas in the atmosphere, and the values of the gas solubility in water were compared. The correlation analysis of the gas content in common types of underground ice, as well as frozen peat, was carried out. Results. It was established that gas entrapped in ground ice and frozen peat was similar to atmospheric gas in terms of the relative content of nitrogen and oxygen. It was found out the large variations in methane content from 4 to 1,7•104 ppmV and carbon dioxide from 7 to 2,7•103 ppmV in samples are associated with different conditions for production and accumulation of greenhouse gases in the permafrost. The prevalence of carbon dioxide content over methane in segregated ice and ice wedge was established, and maximum methane concentrations (from 1,1•103 to 1,7•104 ppmV) in segregated-migration ice of heaving mound and wedge-shaped ice. An excess of methane in the near-surface segregated-migration ice is associated with its accumulation in thawed talik deposits and subsequent ice formation during freezing in a closed system. High concentrations of carbon dioxide (up to 1,1•103 ppmV) and methane (up to 222 ppmV) in segregated ice in peat were found; their source is organic matter degradation under variable aerobic and anaerobic conditions under the action of bacteria. As a result, the peatlands are a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. Assessing reproducibility and comparability of the methods of thermal vacuum degassing and «headspace» was carried out in the study of ice and frozen sediments in the cross section of peat bog in the area of the village Gaz-Sale. It was found that methane concentrations during testing by the «headspace» method are overestimated by 3-70 times in comparison with the values determined by the method of thermal vacuum degassing. This is due to the low solubility of methane and its predominance in bubbles, while carbon dioxide and some oxygen remain dissolved in water and do not pass into the gas sample. Consequently, the data on the gas content determined by the «headspace» method is insufficient to estimate the volumes of greenhouse gas emissions, since these values characterize the qualitative composition of the gas in the bubbles. Thermal vacuum degassing method allows calculating and estimating the volumes of gas receipts from thawing permafrost

Using intuition in social work decision making

Social workers must make ‘justifiable’ decisions, but ‘intuition’ is also important in assessment, decision making and working with risk. We discuss intuition within professional judgement as being part of our cognitive faculties; emotionally-informed reasoning processes connect workers with clients and families; and intuition making use of internalised learning. Challenges discussed include intuition as a taboo topic; communicating intuition-based judgements within group decision processes; and lack of models for integrating intuition with explicit use of knowledge. To develop the professional knowledge base on professional judgement, the paper considers six theoretical frameworks which might be used to conceptualise intuition within social work decision making, including: (1) the ‘tacit knowledge’ of sociological discourse; (2) intuition as ‘sense-making’; (3) internalisation of learning; (4) conceptual schemas from neuroscience; (5) Kahnemann’s ‘thinking fast and slow’; and (6) decision heuristics. Intuition is discussed in the context of supervision and organisational governance; use of assessment tools and processes; creation of mental models for practice; implications for education and training; and further research. Although the profession must continue to develop its ability to use the best knowledge to inform practice, a psycho-social rationality model may be required to conceptualise internalised ‘intuitive’ judgement processes in practice

Compact integrated magnetometer based on nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond

We demonstrate an integrated and miniaturised magnetic field sensor based on the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy centres (NV−) in diamond. The compact device includes all optical components, both for the optical excitation path and for the detection of the emitted fluorescence signal. We experimentally verify that it enables optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) measurements and we specify noise and sensitivity of the magnetometer. The minimal detectable magnetic field of the device is ≈ 1 μT for a given integration time of 1 ms, which is approximately one order of magnitude larger than its photon shot-noise limit. It has the significant advantage over traditional setups using NV− centres (including a laser and a complex optical system) that the specific construction volume is about 2.9 cm3 with a total power consumption of ≈ 1.5 W, which enables the device for a wide range of industrial sensing applications

Suboptimale Diabetesakzeptanz ist mit einer schlechteren Diabetes-Selbstbehandlung und darüber mit einer schlechteren glykämischen Kontrolle assoziiert: Eine Mediationsanalyse

Die klinische Bedeutung von Diabetesakzeptanz ist bisher nicht eindeutig geklärt. In dieser Studie wurde untersucht, in welcher Weise Diabetesakzeptanz mit Selbstbehandlungsverhalten und glykämischer Kontrolle assoziiert ist - unabhängig von Diabetesbelastung und Depressivität