Zmiany infekcyjne paznokci

W narządach paznokciowych bardzo często obserwujemy różnorodnezmiany patologiczne wywołane przez czynniki infekcyjne. Wśródzakażeń najbardziej rozpowszechnione są infekcje grzybicze, któremogą stanowić nawet do 50% wszystkich chorób paznokci i właśnieobawiając się głównie grzybicy, pacjenci ze zmianami paznokciowymizgłaszają się do lekarza. Wśród zakażeń grzybiczych paznokci zdecydowanienajczęściej spotykamy grzybicę dermatofitową. Grzybicepaznokci wywołane przez grzyby drożdżopodobne z rodzaju Candidasą już znacznie rzadsze. Z grzybic paznokci wywołanych przez grzybypleśniowe w Europie Środkowej spotykamy prawie wyłącznie zakażeniepłytek paznokciowych dużych palców stóp grzybem pleśniowymScopulariopsis brevicaulis. W narządach paznokciowych spotyka się teżzakażenia bakteryjne wywołane głównie przez Staphylococcus aureusi Pseudomonas aeruginosa oraz brodawki zwykłe wywołane przez wirusbrodawczaka ludzkiego. Zakażenia narządów paznokciowych mogąsię rozwijać zarówno w niezmienionych płytkach paznokciowych, jaki w przebiegu innych, nieinfekcyjnych chorób paznokci. Najczęściejdotyczy to paznokci zmienionych przez łuszczycę, liszaj płaski orazpłytek paznokciowych zniekształconych pourazowo. Ze względu naczęste podobieństwo obrazów klinicznych różnych zakażeń paznokciowychdo nieinfekcyjnych chorób paznokci oraz nakładanie sięzmian infekcyjnych na już istniejące choroby narządów paznokciowych– bardzo ważne jest przeprowadzenie przed rozpoczęciem leczeniaodpowiednich badań diagnostycznych

In Vitro Human Skin Penetration, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanol-Water Extract of Fireweed (<i>Epilobium angustifolium</i> L.)

Epilobium angustifolium L. is applied as an antiseptic agent in the treatment of skin diseases. However, there is a lack of information on human skin penetration of active ingredients with antioxidative potential. It seems crucial because bacterial infections of skin and subcutaneous tissue are common and partly depend on oxidative stress. Therefore, we evaluated in vitro human skin penetration of fireweed ethanol-water extracts (FEEs) by determining antioxidant activity of these extracts before and after penetration study using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and Folin–Ciocalteu methods. Microbiological tests of extracts were done. The qualitative and quantitative evaluation was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV) methods. The in vitro human skin penetration using the Franz diffusion chamber was assessed. The high antioxidant activity of FEEs was found. Gallic acid (GA), chlorogenic acid (ChA), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHB), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HB), and caffeic acid (CA) were identified in the extracts. The antibacterial activities were found against Serratia lutea, S. marcescens, Bacillus subtilis, B. pseudomycoides, and B. thuringiensis and next Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and P. fluorescens strains. In vitro penetration studies showed the penetration of some phenolic acids and their accumulation in the skin. Our results confirm the importance of skin penetration studies to guarantee the efficacy of formulations containing E. angustifolium extracts

In Vitro Human Skin Penetration, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanol-Water Extract of Fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium L.)

Epilobium angustifolium L. is applied as an antiseptic agent in the treatment of skin diseases. However, there is a lack of information on human skin penetration of active ingredients with antioxidative potential. It seems crucial because bacterial infections of skin and subcutaneous tissue are common and partly depend on oxidative stress. Therefore, we evaluated in vitro human skin penetration of fireweed ethanol-water extracts (FEEs) by determining antioxidant activity of these extracts before and after penetration study using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2&prime;-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and Folin&ndash;Ciocalteu methods. Microbiological tests of extracts were done. The qualitative and quantitative evaluation was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV) methods. The in vitro human skin penetration using the Franz diffusion chamber was assessed. The high antioxidant activity of FEEs was found. Gallic acid (GA), chlorogenic acid (ChA), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHB), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HB), and caffeic acid (CA) were identified in the extracts. The antibacterial activities were found against Serratia lutea, S. marcescens, Bacillus subtilis, B. pseudomycoides, and B. thuringiensis and next Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and P. fluorescens strains. In vitro penetration studies showed the penetration of some phenolic acids and their accumulation in the skin. Our results confirm the importance of skin penetration studies to guarantee the efficacy of formulations containing E. angustifolium extracts

COMPARISON OF ARTIFICIAL HYDROPHILIC AND LIPOPHILIC MEMBRANES AND HUMAN SKIN TO EVALUATE NIACINAMIDE PENETRATION IN VITRO

The evaluation of skin penetration of active substances from topical preparations is a pre-clinical requirement in the pharmaceutical industry. While in vitro preparations of human or animal skin are frequently used the development of artificial lipophilic and hydrophilic membranes with similar properties to human or animal skin need to be developed. This preliminary study compared the in vitro permeation of niacinamide (vitamin B3), which is used as a model drug, across artificial hydrophilic and lipophilic membranes with iv vitro penetration across human skin. The experiments were carried out in Franz diffusion cells. Artificial membranes were filter paper impregnated with either collodium (hydrophilic), stearic acid, cetyl alcohol or cetyl alcohol + cholesterol (lipophilic). Acidic and neutral hydrogel and emulsion (pH 5.4 and 7.4) containing 0.5% of niacinamide were applied to membranes for up to 4 hours. Niacinamide permeated hydrophilic better than lipophilic membranes. There were no significant differences between the cumulated amounts of niacinamide that penetrated artificial lipophilic membranes consisting of, stearic acid, cetyl alcohol and cholesterol as compared with human skin in vitro. Also, hydrogel and emulsion solvents gave similar results. In conclusion, these artificial membranes seem to be a promising alternative to human or animal skin