Monitoramento da fenologia reprodutiva de Casearia sylvestris Sw e Allophyllus edulis (A. St.-Hil., Cambess. & a. Juss.) Radlk. em áreas da floresta ombrófila mista.

Resumo

Chemical and bromatological characteristics of elephant grass silages with the addition of dried cashew stalk.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.) silages with the addition of 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16% dried cashew stalk (Anacardium occidentale L.) - DCS, based on the fresh matter. A randomized complete design with four replications was used. Twenty 210 L plastic drums were used as experimental silos. The levels were determined of the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose, ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN,% total N), acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN, % total N), pH values, ammonia nitrogen (in percentage of the total nitrogen, N-NH3, % total N), lactic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid and propionic acid. Adding DCS resulted in higher values of DM, CP, EE, NFC, NDIN (% total N), ADIN (% total N), pH, lactic acid and propionic acid. On the other hand, with increasing DCS levels, a linear decline was observed in values of NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, ammonia nitrogen (% total N) and butyric acid. DCS did not show effect on the TC and acetic acid in the silages. As a result, up to 16% dehydrated cashew stalk may be added to elephant-grass silages, based on the fresh matter, to increase CP and NFC levels and decrease NDF and ADF and improve the fermentation patterns. It should be taken into account that higher NDIN and ADIN values may interfere in nitrogen availability and therefore in further DM intake. [Características bromatológicas e fermentativas da silagem de capim-elefante com adição do pedúnculo de caju desidratado]. Resumo: Este trabalho foi conduzido para avaliar o valor nutritivo de silagens de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.) com 0, 4, 8, 12 e 16% de pedúnculo de caju (Anacardium occidentale L.) desidratado, com base na matéria natural. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Como silos experimentais, foram utilizados tambores plásticos de 210 L. Determinaram-se a composição nutricional, os valores de pH e os teores de nitrogênio amoniacal, ácido lático, acético, propiônico e butírico. A inclusão de pedúnculo de caju desidratado na ensilagem de capim-elefante promoveu aumento das concentrações de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF), nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro (NIDN, % do N total), nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente ácido (NIDA, % do N total), pH e ácidos lático e propiônico. Por outro lado, os teores de FDN, FDA, hemicelulose, N-NH3 (% do N total) e ácido butírico diminuíram de forma linear conforme aumentaram os níveis do subproduto na ensilagem. O pedúnculo de caju desidratado não influenciou os teores de carboidratos totais e ácido acético das silagens. Esse subproduto pode ser ensilado com o capim-elefante até o nível de 16%, uma vez que aumenta os teores de PB e CNF e reduz os teores de FDN e FDA, melhorando o padrão de fermentação das silagens

Chemical and bromatological characteristics of elephant grass silages containing a mango by-product.

This study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum.) silages with the addition of 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16% dehydrated mango (Mangifera indica, L.) by-product (DMB), on the fresh matter basis. A randomized complete design with four replications was used. As experimental silos, 210L plastic drums were used. Dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose (HCEL), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN, % total N), acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN, % total N), pH values, ammoniacal nitrogen (% total N), lactic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid and propionic acid levels were determined. The DM, OM, CP, EE, NFC, NDIN, lactic acid and propionic acid levels increased with the DMB addition while the NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, N-NH3/ammoniacal nitrogen levels and the pH values decreased with the DMB addition. The addition of DMB had a quadratic effect on the acetic and butyric acid levels but there was no effect with the addition of DMB on TC and ADIN. The DMB can be used at the ensiling of the elephant grass, because the addition of 8.6% improves the silages fermentative process. However, these silages have low crude protein levels and high contents of ether extract and nitrogen compounds mixed with the fiber (NDIN and ADIN) in the silages, that may damage their use by animals

Intake, nutrients digestibility and nitrogen balance of elephant grass silages with mango by-product addition.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of elephant grass silages with increasing levels of dried mango by-product (DMB). Five addition levels were studied (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16%) using 20 rams, in a randomized complete design with five treatments (addition levels) and four replications. Dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) intake and digestibility were evaluated, as well as the total digestible nutrients (TDN) and the silage nitrogen balance (NB). Mango by-product addition did not influence the DM, CP and TC intakes, the TDN level or the OM, CT and NFC digestibilities. On the other hand, DMB addition reduced the NDF and the ADF intakes, as well as the DM, CP, NDF and ADF digestibilities, and the NB of the silages. There was also a increasing linear effect of DMB addition on the EE and NFC intakes, and on EE digestibility. The elephant grass silage with DMB by-product may not be used as a single feed to ruminants because it reduces the NDF and the ADF intakes and the DM, CP, NDF and ADF digestibilities, as well as the nitrogen balance

Boas práticas na produção e beneficiamento de pólen apícola desidratado.

Producão no campo; Instalação do apiário; Instalação das colmeias; Preparo das colmeias; Alimentação dos enxames; Equipamentos e materiais; Preparação dos coletores; Instalação dos coletores de pólen; Prática da coleta; Utilização da fumaça; Transporte do pólen; Processo de beneficiamento; Instalações; Equipamentos/utensflios; Higiene das instalações e equipamentos/utensílios; Higiene e conduta pessoal; Fluxograma; PrB-limpeza; Congelamento; Descongelamento; Desidratação; Aeração; Limpeza final; Envase; Armazenamento.bitstream/item/35875/1/Doc81.pd

Consumo de nutrientes por ovinos em terminação alimentados com dietas compostas por silagens com diferentes proporções de sorgo e girassol.

Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo de nutrientes em ovinos em terminação alimentados com dietas compostas por silagens com diferentes proporções de sorgo e girassol. Foram avaliados cinco níveis de participação do girassol nas silagens (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) em misturas com sorgo. As dietas experimentais foram constituídas por 60% destas silagens e 40% de concentrado. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. Foram avaliados os consumos de: matéria seca (CMS), matéria orgânica (CMO), proteína bruta (CPB), fibra em detergente neutro (CFDN), fibra em detergente ácido (CFDA), extrato etéreo (CEE), carboidratos totais (CCHOT) e carboidratos não fibrosos (CCNF) das dietas experimentais. Para os consumos de MS, MO, PB, CHOT e CNF foi observado efeito quadrático. Não houve diferença significativa para consumo de FDN e FDA. Para o consumo de EE houve um aumento de 0,001 pontos percentuais e 0,02 g/kg0,75, para cada 1% de adição de girassol. Recomenda-se a adição cerca de 35% de girassol na ensilagem de sorgo, pois este nível promoveu os melhores consumos de nutrientes. Contudo, as dietas contendo silagens com participação de até 90% de girassol supriram as exigências dos ovinos em crescimento avaliados. [Nutrient intake of feedlot lambs fed diets with silages consisted of different proportions of sorghum and sunflower]. Abstract: The study aimed to evaluate nutrient intake by feedlot lambs fed diets with silages consisted of different proportions of sorghum and sunflower. Five levels of sunflower participation in silage composition were tested (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) in mixtures with sorghum. The experimental diets consisted of 60% of roughage and 40% concentrate. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with five treatments and six replications. The research evaluated the intake of dry matter (DMI), organic matter (OMI), crude protein (CPI), neutral detergent fiber (NDFI), acid detergent fiber (ADFI), ether extract (EEI), total carbohydrates (TCHI) and non fibrous carbohydrates (NFCI) of the experimental diets. For DMI, OMI, CPI, TCHI and NFCI a quadratic effect was observed. There was no significant difference in consumption of NDF and ADF. The consumption of EE increased by 0.001 percentage points and 0.02 g/kg0.75, for each 1% addition of sunflower. It is recommended a substitution of about 35% of sunflower silage sorghum, because this level promoted the best intake of nutrients. However, diets containing silages with up to 90% of sunflower participation supplied the requirements of the evaluated growing lambs

Características morfológicas e produção de matéria seca da palma forrageira cv. gigante adensada submetida à adubação nitrogenada.

Resumo: Sistemas intensivos de cultivo da palma forrageira no Rio Grande do Norte, com plantio adensado e irrigação, permitem cortes com idades inferiores ao manejo tradicional com dois anos. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar as características morfológicas e a produção de matéria seca da palma forrageira cv. gigante adensada submetida à adubação nitrogenada, seis meses após o plantio. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos (0, 38, 76 e 152 kg/N/ha) e seis blocos. Foi avaliado número de cladódios por planta, comprimento, largura, espessura, perímetro, área de cladódio (AC), índice de área de cladódio (IAC) e produção de material seca (PMS). Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos, apresentando valores médios de 5,5 cladódios/planta; 25 cm; 12 cm; 58 cm; 12,5 mm; 302 cm2; 0,15 e 2,6 t/ha, respectivamente para número de cladódios/planta, comprimento, largura, perímetro, espessura, AC, IAC e produção de matéria seca da palma forrageira gigante aos seis meses de idade. A aplicação da adubação nitrogenada não influenciou no crescimento e na produção de matéria seca da palma forrageira cv. gigante. [Morphological characteristics and dry matter yield of cactus pear cv. gigante dense planted with nitrogen fertilization]. Abstract: Cultivated intensive systems of cactus pear at Rio Grande do Norte State, dense sowed and with irrigation, allow cuts before the traditional management with two years of age. The aim of the study was to evaluate the morphological characteristics and dry matter yield of cactus pear cv. gigante dense planted subjected to nitrogen fertilization at six months after planting. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four treatments (0, 38, 76 and 152 kg N / ha) and six blocks. The evaluated parameters were: number of cladodes per plant, length, width, thickness, perimeter, area of cladodes (AC), cladodes area index (CAI) and dry matter yield (DMY). There was no significant difference (P> 0.05) among treatments, showing average values of 5.5 cladodes per plant, 25 cm, 12 cm, 58 cm, 12.5 mm, 302 cm2, 0.15 and 2.6 t / ha, respectively for number of cladodes per plant, length, width, perimeter, thickness, AC, IAC and dry matter yield of cactus pear cv. gigante at six months old. The nitrogen fertilization had no effect on growth and dry matter yield of cactus pear cv. gigante

Impacts of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on tropical forage grass in Brazil.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria effects on anatomical characteristics and nutritional value of Brachiaria (Syn. Urochloa) brizantha cv. BRS Piatã. The experimental design applied was completely randomized design with three treatments: (1) non-inoculated unfertilized-control plants (C-), (2) non-inoculated fertilized-control plants (C+) and (3) B. brizantha inoculated with Pseudomonas fluorescens (BRM-32111) and Burkholderia pyrrocinia (BRM-32113). The following parameters were evaluated at 35 days after seedling emergence: biomass production, plant height, net photosynthesis (A), water-use efficiency (WUE), chlorophyll (SPAD), anatomical and nutritional. The rhizobacteria modified the anatomy of the leaf, culm and roots of B. brizantha. They also increased the chlorophyll content, A, WUE, total soluble carbohydrates, starch and crude protein contents, N, P, Mg and Fe concentrations, plant height, root area and biomass production. Therefore, we conclude that co-inoculation with P. fluorescens (BRM-32111) and B. pyrrocinia (BRM-32113) modified the anatomy and biochemistry of B. brizantha, promoting growth and nutrient accumulation. Therefore, these findings set up the basis for additional exploratory studies, using these rhizobacteria as biotechnological innovation with potential of use as biofertilizer in B. brizantha, aiming higher productivity and nutritive value in a more eco-friendly and sustainable pasture production system

Germinação de Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f.sp. cepae em diferentes temperaturas.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a germinação de esporos do C.gloeosporioides isolado de cebola em diferentes temperaturas