USING WATER BALANCE TO ASSESS THE GROUNDWATER RECHARGE IN THE AREA BETWEEN RUTBA AND DHABAA, WESTERN OF IRAQ

The study area is located in Al-Rutba city, Al-Anbar Governorate, western Iraq. The metrological data were collected during 1981 – 2016, and used to assess the climatic condition for the study area. The total annual rainfall was 113.3 mm and relative humidity was 47.1%, while the monthly average temperature was 20.1 °C, evaporation was 3074.3 mm, the wind speed was 2.6 m/s with a prevailing direction along the year was NW 29.2%. Data derived from the ratio of wind direction and sunshine duration was 9.2 h/day. The climate of the study area is described as an arid and relatively hot in summer, and cold with low rain in winter. During the 35 years' comparison period, the highest potential evapotranspiration value was 175.82 mm during July and August, while the lowest value was 7.758 mm in January, while the total amount was 970.612 mm. The highest value of the corrected evapotranspiration was 212.74 mm in July and the lowest value was 6.78 mm in January, while the total amount was 1072.021 mm. Water surplus was recorded in the study area was 19.849% of the total rainfall which was equivalent to 113.3 mm. The study area consisted of a thin layer (<0.1 m) of sandy soil, therefore, this thin layer was not considered. A number of key findings are presented which pertain to; the type of rainfall event, wind conditions, and the location. Hence, the value of groundwater recharge was 22.489 mm with a rate of 19.849% which represents the percentage of groundwater recharge from the total rainfall

Application of GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques for Hydromorphometric Analysis of Wadi Al-Mohammadi Basin, Western Iraq

Hydromorphometric analysis as a method is considered one of the most reliable and used methods in solving hydrological problems. Where it is possible to know the volume of runoff and the rest of the elements that enter into the water balance. Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing is the technique that used the hydro-morphometric analysis of the Wadi Al-Mohammadi basin. Wadi Al-Mohammadi, located in the Western Desert, is one of the main valleys that flow into the Euphrates River. It is considered an important basin, because of its many characteristics, including its relatively large area and the amount of water drained through, which is used mainly in watering livestock and agriculture, in addition to industrial purposes such as the production of washed sand, gravel that scattered on both sides of the valley. The hydrological analysis included several steps, which gave the results of the flow accumulation with the highest value in the lower part of the basin. The results represented by form characteristics confirm that the shape of the basin is far from the round shape, which reflects the basin’s characteristics with the regular surface flow in time and relatively low drainages. Wadi Al-Mohammadi basin has reached the 5th order to flow into the Euphrates River. It has two types of drainage patterns, the dendritic pattern, and the parallel pattern. Wadi Al-Mohammadi basin is categorized as extremely low drainage density, very low drainage frequency, very coarse drainage texture, lower infiltration number, and low relief slope. Based on the results, the basin is characterized by an almost flat plateau surface, with a gradual slope homogeneous and good permeable soil conditions, and in other parts influenced by the structural phenomena under the surface, the high permeability of sediments over which streams pass, higher the infiltration and lower runoff

Application of GIS Technique to Assess the Habbaniya Lake Water for Human Consumption

Geographic Information System (GIS) technique was used in this study to produce a Water Quality Index (WQI) map to assess the water of Habbaniya Lake for drinking purposes. Sixteen samples of fresh surface water were collected and analyzed to verify the physiochemical parameters of the WQI. These parameters include Total Dissolved Solids, pH, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Sulfate, and Nitrates. The result of these parameters has been transferred to the GIS platform to construct a water quality database and map of spatial distribution for each parameter using the inverse distance weight (IDW technique). The results of these parameters were also used to calculate irrigation water quality index values, and transferred to the GIS platform for the production of the water quality index map. The spatial distribution index of drinking water in Habbaniya Lake is depicted on this map. It shows that WQI for all water samples is within the second category (50-100) except (S 5 and S 8) below the second category (<50). The short-scope of WQI indicates that the water quality of Habbaniya Lake has been considered as convergent water quality that fluctuated from excellent water to good water for human drinking. It shows also that the northwestern part of Habbaniya Lake waters is more appropriate for drinking since the Al-Warar Canal drains in this part, which takes its water mainly from the Euphrates River

Estimation of Water Balance for the Central Basin of Erbil Plain (North of Iraq)

Erbil city located, in the northern part of Iraq, within the central basin of Erbil plain which covers an area about 1400 Km2 where Erbil city area measures about 70 Km2, is located between latitudes (36ᵒ 08 30̋ - 36ᵒ 14 15̋) north and longitudes (43 ° 57 '30 "- 44 ° 03' 20") east, The rocks exposures at the central Erbil plain date back to the (Upper Miocene-Recent) and this includes Ingana, Muqdadiya, Bai Hassan formations as well as Quaternary deposits. Tectonically, the studied area is located within Chumchamal-Butma Subzone at the area of the foothills. The movement of the groundwater in the study area is from the east to the west. Depending on the climatic data recorded in Erbil station for the period (1980-2016) shows that the total falling rain was (418.0) mm, and the temperature (15.81 ° C), relative humidity (29.96%), wind speed (1.94 m / s), solar brightness (8.28 hours / day) and the total evaporation from free surfaces was (1674.8 mm) the prevailing climate in the region is moist-humid to moist. corrected potential evapotranspiration was calculated theoretically apply Thornthwaite method where she was value 734.58 mm, was also calculate the water surplus , which accounted for 79.18% divided into surface runoff and its value 39.36 mm and Groundwater Recharge 87.82 while the water deficit represents 20.82% of the annual rainfall as the annual recharge rate was calculated for Erbil Central Basin and is reached 122.94 × 106 m3/year

Water balance of the basin of Mandali/ east part of Iraq

Mandali Basin is located between latitudes (33◦ 39' 00" and 33◦ 54' 55") to the north and longitudes (45ο 11' 00" and 45ο 40' 00") to the east; to the east of Diyala province at the Iraqi-Iranian border; the basin area is approximately 491 km2. From the study of climate reality of the basin between 1990- 2013and assessment of the basic climate transactions, it was found that the annual rate of rainfall is 253.02 mm, the relative humidity (44.4%), the temperature (21.3 ◦C), wind speed (2.08 m /sec.), sunshine (8.27 h/day) and evaporation of the basin class (a) (271.98 mm) and corrected potential evapotranspiration (80.03 mm). The results of the data analysis show that, there are three basic periods of climate variability wet period, semi wet and dry period. This study shows that, there is water surplus of 60.87% of the rainfall amount which is equivalent to 154.03 mm, the amount of runoff is 7.47 mm, and the amount of water recharge is 146.56mm

Hydrochemical properties of ground water of Rahaliya-Ekhedhur region, west Razzaza lake, iraq

Rahaliya - Ekhedur region is located to the west of Razzaza Lake (M.IRAQ). It is within the Salman - Rutba tectonic zones characterized by the existence of Abu Jir and Imam Ahmad bin Hashim Fault Systems. The major geological formations in the studied area consists of Tertiary and Quaternary deposits described from the oldest to the youngest as : Dammam, Euphrates, Nfayil and Injana, formations, and the slope of beds is less than one degree in the direction of east and northeast towards Al-Razzaza lake. To evaluate the hydrochemical properties and the quality groundwater samples were collected from 16 wells at different depths 80-120 m, during April and October 2013. These samples have been chemically analyzed and the results indicated that the ground water is of mixed origin, very hard (TH ranging from 227.5 to 1032.8 ppm), having high pH values, while the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) ranging from 1700 to 2750 mg/l so that the water is of brackish type. On the basis of the major cation and anion concentration the groundwater during April 2013 was of mixed Mg and Na -SO4 group having two families which are Na2SO4 family with Na+>Ca2+>Mg2+-SO42- >Cl->HCO3- and MgSO4 water family with Mg2+>Ca2+>Na+-SO42- >Cl->HCO3-. While, the groundwater during October 2013 is of two groups (Na -SO4) having two families which are (Na2SO4) family with Na+>Ca2+>Mg2+-SO42- >Cl->HCO3-and (MgSO4) water family with Mg2+> Ca2+>Na+-SO42- >Cl->HCO3-. The second group was Na - Cl with Na+> Mg2+>Ca2+ - Cl->SO42- > HCO3- and Na+>Ca2+>Mg2+ - Cl->SO42- > HCO3- . Therefore, the ground water in the region is not good for drinking due to high salinity and it is of Doubtful to unsuitable-Unsuitable for irrigation but it can be used to irrigate sensitive crops in areas

Determining of radioactivity and the accompanying radiological hazards in the sediments of the Euphrates River and wells in Babylon governorate – Iraq

The radioactivity and radiological hazards associated with sediment samples collected from 13 locations along the Euphrates River as well as 12 associated irrigation wells were tested using a high-purity germanium system (HPGe). The radioactivity of isotopes 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K (Iso-RTK) in these sites exceed the worldwide limits, which makes them a human health risk. The estimated radiological parameters of the Euphrates and the well sediments exceed the radium equivalent (RE), absorbed dose rate (ADR), annual effective dose external (AEDE), internal - external hazards indices (IEHI), , and gamma index (Iy) . The radioactivity ​​of 238U and 232Th (Iso-UT) are constant along the Euphrates River; 40K (Iso-K) concentrations are elevated after the Hindyia barrage and exceed worldwide limits