The effect of slope steepness and antecedent moisture content on interrill erosion, runoff and sediment size distribution in the highlands of Ethiopia

Soil erosion is a two-phase process consisting of the detachment of individual particles and their transport by the flowing water. This study discusses the results of laboratory experiments in which for three soils, the runoff depth, sediment yield, splash erosion and sediment size were measured. Rainfall intensity, slope and antecedent moisture contents were varied in the experiment. The soil types ranged from clay to sandy clay loam (Alemaya Black soil, Regosols and Cambisols). Rainfall was applied for six sequential 15-min periods with rainfall intensities varying between 55 and 120 mm h<sup>−1</sup>. The three slopes tested were 9, 25, and 45 %. Results show that as slope increased from 9 to 25 %, splash erosion and sediment yield increased. An increase in slope from 25 to 45 % generally decreases in splash erosion. Sediment yield for one soil increased and one soil decreased with slope and for the third soil the trend was different between the two initial moisture contents. Sediment yield was correlated (<i>r</i> = 0.66) with runoff amounts but not with splash erosion. Interrill erosion models that were based on the flowing water and rainfall intensity fitted the data better than when based on rainfall intensity solely. Models that assume a positive linear relationship between erosion and slope may overestimate sediment yield

Functional status in ICU survivors and out of hospital outcomes: a cohort study

OBJECTIVES: Functional status at hospital discharge may be a risk factor for adverse events among survivors of critical illness. We sought to examine the association between functional status at hospital discharge in survivors of critical care and risk of 90-day all-cause mortality after hospital discharge. DESIGN: Single-center retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Academic Medical Center. PATIENTS: Ten thousand three hundred forty-three adults who received critical care from 1997 to 2011 and survived hospitalization. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The exposure of interest was functional status determined at hospital discharge by a licensed physical therapist and rated based on qualitative categories adapted from the Functional Independence Measure. The main outcome was 90-day post hospital discharge all-cause mortality. A categorical risk-prediction score was derived and validated based on a logistic regression model of the function grades for each assessment. In an adjusted logistic regression model, the lowest quartile of functional status at hospital discharge was associated with an increased odds of 90-day postdischarge mortality compared with patients with independent functional status (odds ratio, 7.63 [95% CI, 3.83-15.22; p < 0.001]). In patients who had at least 7 days of physical therapy treatment prior to hospital discharge (n = 2,293), the adjusted odds of 90-day postdischarge mortality in patients with marked improvement in functional status at discharge was 64% less than patients with no change in functional status (odds ratio, 0.36 [95% CI, 0.24-0.53]; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Lower functional status at hospital discharge in survivors of critical illness is associated with increased postdischarge mortality. Furthermore, patients whose functional status improves before discharge have decreased odds of postdischarge mortality.L30 TR001257 - NCATS NIH HH

OC-163 identification of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS)

Introduction Resident colonic bacteria, principally anaerobes and firmicutes, ferment undigested fibre. The resultant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) formed are dissolved in the faeces but also absorbed and excreted in the urine. We have previously shown that electronic nose (E-nose) analysis of urine VOCs distinguishes between Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and healthy volunteers (HV): the underlying principle is pattern recognition of disease-specific “chemical fingerprint”. High-Field Asymmetric Waveform Ion Mobility Spectrometry (FAIMS) offers a possible alternative. The underlying principle is separation of VOC chemical components based on their different ion mobilties in high electric fields. We performed a pilot study in the above groups, the patients in remission (Rem) or with active disease (AD), to assess if this technology could achieve separation between the groups. The results were validated against E-nose analysis. Methods 59 subjects were studied; HV n=14, UC (Rem) n=18, UC (AD) n=4; CD (Rem) n=19, CD (AD) n=4. Urine samples (7 ml) in universal containers (25 ml) were heated to 40±0.1 C. The headspace (the air above the sample) was then analysed using FAIMS. The data were analysed by Fisher Discriminant Analysis. Results The technique distinguished between the three groups. Additionally, patients with active disease could be distinguished from those in remission. These results were concordant with E-nose analysis. Conclusion This pilot shows that urine VOCs, analysed by the different approaches of E-nose and FAIMS, the latter a novel application, can distinguish the healthy from those with UC and CD when disease is active or in remission. The two technologies together offer a non-invasive approach to diagnosis and follow-up in inflammatory bowel disease

Gaps in knowledge and future directions for the use of faecal microbiota transplant in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) has now been established into clinical guidelines for the treatment of recurrent and refractory Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). Its therapeutic application in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is currently at an early stage. To date there have been four randomised controlled trials for FMT in IBD and a multitude of observational studies. However significant gaps in our knowledge regarding optimum methods for FMT preparation, technical and logistics of its administration, as well as mechanistic underpinnings, still remain. This article aims to highlight these gaps by reviewing evidence and makes key recommendations on the direction of future studies in this field. In addition, we provide an overview of the current evidence of potential mechanistics of FMT in IBD

ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF BIOFILM PRODUCING ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS FROM ROOT CANAL

This study was aimed to one of the most prevalent causes for endodontic treatment failure is the presence of Enterococcus faecalis bacterium within teeth root canals. To achieve successful treatment, it is so important to study E. faecalis behavior. The aim of study was to investigate biofilm production and antibiotic sensitivity of E. faecalis isolated from root canals. Results showed isolation of E. feacalis (65%) of samples, identified by specific gene by PCR technique. Most isolates were sensitive to Imipenem and resistant to Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Tetracycline and Trimethoprim. Strong biofilm production was detected among 29.5% of highest antibiotic resistant isolates. The results may indicate that infected root canals with E. feacalis may lead to serious complication for patients

Hospital Nutrition Assessment Practice 2016 Survey

BackgroundMalnutrition is a significant problem for hospitalized patients in the United States. Nutrition assessment is an important step in recognizing malnutrition; however, it is not always performed using consistent parameters.MethodsA survey among U.S. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) members was conducted to collect data on nutrition assessment parameters used in hospitals and to establish how facilities use their electronic health record (EHR) to permit data retrieval and outcome reporting.ResultsThe survey was developed by the ASPEN Malnutrition Committee and was sent to 5487 U.S. ASPEN members, with 489 responding for a 9% response rate. Ninety‐eight percent of adult and 93% of pediatric respondents indicated a registered dietitian completed the nutrition assessment following a positive nutrition screen. Variables most frequently used among adult respondents included usual body weight, ideal body weight, and body mass index. Among pediatric respondents, weight‐for‐age and height‐for‐age percentiles and length/height‐for‐age percentile were most frequently used. Both adult and pediatric respondents indicated use of physical assessment parameters, including muscle and fat loss and skin assessment. Eighty‐seven percent of adult and 77% of pediatric respondents indicated they are using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (Academy) and ASPEN Consensus Malnutrition Characteristics for Adult and Pediatric Malnutrition, respectively. Overall, 97% of respondents indicated nutrition assessment documentation was completed via an EHR. Of all respondents, 61% indicated lack of clinical decision support within their EHR.ConclusionThis survey demonstrated significant use of the Academy/ASPEN malnutrition consensus characteristics.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146497/1/ncp10179_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146497/2/ncp10179.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146497/3/ncp10179-sup-0001-FigureS1.pd

Myristic acid based imidazoline derivative as effective corrosion inhibitor for steel in 15% HCl medium

There is a high demand of effective and eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for industrial applications. In an attempt to prepare a benign and effective corrosion inhibitor for acidizing purpose, an imidazoline derivative, N-(2-(2-tridecyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl)tetradecanamide (NTETD) was synthesized from myristic acid and diethyleneamine. The characterization of the newly synthesized compound was done using 1H NMR, FTIR, and elemental analysis techniques. NTETD was examined as a corrosion inhibitor for low carbon steel in 15% HCl solution using weight loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), linear polarization (LPR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDAX), atomic force spectroscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. It was found that, the optimum concentration of NTETD is 300 mg/L. With this concentration, inhibition efficiency above 93% is achievable. Results from PDP show that, NTETD acted as a mixed type corrosion inhibitor but with principal effect on cathodic corrosion half reactions. The calculated value of the adsorption-desorption equilibrium constant (1.015 � 103) reveals a strongThere is a high demand of effective and eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for industrial applications. In an attempt to prepare a benign and effective corrosion inhibitor for acidizing purpose, an imidazoline derivative, N-(2-(2-tridecyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl)tetradecanamide (NTETD) was synthesized from myristic acid and diethyleneamine. The characterization of the newly synthesized compound was done using 1H NMR, FTIR, and elemental analysis techniques. NTETD was examined as a corrosion inhibitor for low carbon steel in 15% HCl solution using weight loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), linear polarization (LPR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDAX), atomic force spectroscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. It was found that, the optimum concentration of NTETD is 300 mg/L. With this concentration, inhibition efficiency above 93% is achievable. Results from PDP show that, NTETD acted as a mixed type corrosion inhibitor but with principal effect on cathodic corrosion half reactions. The calculated value of the adsorption-desorption equilibrium constant (1.015 � 103) reveals a strong bonding between NTETD molecules and the steel surface. The EDAX, FTIR, and XPS results confirm the adsorption of NTETD molecules on the steel surface. SEM and AFM results agree with experimental findings that NTETD is effective in corrosion mitigation of steel in 15% HCl solution. The possible corrosion inhibition mechanism by NTETD has been proposed. bonding between NTETD molecules and the steel surface. The EDAX, FTIR, and XPS results confirm the adsorption of NTETD molecules on the steel surface. SEM and AFM results agree with experimental findings that NTETD is effective in corrosion mitigation of steel in 15% HCl solution. The possible corrosion inhibition mechanism by NTETD has been proposed

STRESS SENSITIVITY OF SATURATION AND END-POINT RELATIVE PERMEABILITIES

ABSTRACT Production induced changes in stress due to reductions in pore pressure have the potential to alter the flow properties of reservoir rocks. There are a large number of experimental results, which show that single-phase permeability is a function of applied stress. In hydrocarbon reservoirs two or even three phases may flow simultaneously through the pore network, however very little data exists on the stress sensitivity of multiphase flow. To measure the stress sensitivity of two-phase flow, the relative permeability of a sandstone was measured as a function of applied stress. The sandstone was an aeolean sandstone from a surface deposit. The sandstone was strongly water wet with an AmottHarvey index of 0.91. The porosity of the samples were between 25.4 and 28.0% and the Klinkenberg corrected gas permeability between 1051 and 1644mD. Samples were saturated with brine under high pressure, flooded with oil at different stresses to an equilibrium initial water saturation, then waterflooded to residual oil saturation. The average water saturation or oil saturation in the sample was calculated from the volume of brine or oil produced. The initial water saturation was stress sensitive in all cores tested. During the dynamic desaturation of a sample at a given stress equilibrium water saturation was reached between 2 and 8 pore volumes of injected oil. The stress was then increased and a new equilibrium water saturation reached. At an injection rate of 40ml/hr water saturations of approximately 0.400 were achieved at 400psi, this dropped to 0.385 at 3000psi and 0.377 at 8000psi. The variation of water saturation with stress can be qualitatively explained in terms of the changing pore volume and the balance between capillary and viscous forces. At a given stress and injection rate there is a balance between the capillary and viscous forces in the pores. The flowing oil is excluded from pores below a certain size by capillary forces. When the stress is increased the entire pore network deforms. Brine is squeezed out of small brine filled pores into the larger pores, where it is swept out of the sample. The effective permeability end points k o (S wi ) and k w (S or ) were stress sensitive, more so than the single phase permeability. A 15% drop in k o (S wi ) was noted from 400-3000psi. This compares to an 8% drop in the single-phase permeability of this material. This shows that the end point relative permeabilities were also stress sensitive

Corrosion inhibition of N80 steel in simulated acidizing environment by N-(2-(2-pentadecyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-YL) ethyl) palmitamide

A novel palmitic imidazoline compound, N-(2-(2-pentadecyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl)palmitamide (NIMP) has been successfully synthesized and characterized with Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR). NIMP has been tested as corrosion inhibitor for N80 steel in 15% HCl solution at low and elevated temperatures using weight loss measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), linear polarization (LPR), and electrochemical frequencymodulation (EFM) techniques. The experimental investigation was supported with surface examination using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), and Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR). NIMP is found to be effective in retarding N80 steel dissolution in 15% HCl solution at studied temperatures. The optimum concentration of NIMP is 300 ppm and this concentration afforded corrosion protection efficiency of 97.92% and 95.59% at 25 °C and 60 °C respectively from weight loss measurements. Chemisorption is proposed as the mechanism of adsorption of NIMP molecules onto N80 steel surface based on the value of standard enthalpy of adsorption (100.34 kJ/mol). PDP results disclosed that NIMP acted like a mixed type corrosion inhibitor but with principal effect on cathodic corrosion reactions. Surface screening results are in agreement with experimental results that NIMP molecules adsorbed on N80 steel surface. NIMP can be utilized as an acidizing corrosion inhibitor