GWTC-2.1: Deep extended catalog of compact binary coalescences observed by LIGO and Virgo during the first half of the third observing run

The second Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog, GWTC-2, reported on 39 compact binary coalescences observed by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors between 1 April 2019 15 ∶ 00 UTC and 1 October 2019 15 ∶ 00 UTC. Here, we present GWTC-2.1, which reports on a deeper list of candidate events observed over the same period. We analyze the final version of the strain data over this period with improved calibration and better subtraction of excess noise, which has been publicly released. We employ three matched-filter search pipelines for candidate identification, and estimate the probability of astrophysical origin for each candidate event. While GWTC-2 used a false alarm rate threshold of 2 per year, we include in GWTC-2.1, 1201 candidates that pass a false alarm rate threshold of 2 per day. We calculate the source properties of a subset of 44 high-significance candidates that have a probability of astrophysical origin greater than 0.5. Of these candidates, 36 have been reported in GWTC-2. We also calculate updated source properties for all binary black hole events previously reported in GWTC-1. If the eight additional high-significance candidates presented here are astrophysical, the mass range of events that are unambiguously identified as binary black holes (both objects ≥ 3 M⊙ ) is increased compared to GWTC-2, with total masses from ∼ 14 M ⊙ for GW190924_021846 to ∼ 182 M⊙ for GW190426_190642. Source properties calculated using our default prior suggest that the primary components of two new candidate events (GW190403_051519 and GW190426_190642) fall in the mass gap predicted by pair-instability supernova theory. We also expand the population of binaries with significantly asymmetric mass ratios reported in GWTC-2 by an additional two events (the mass ratio is less than 0.65 and 0.44 at 90% probability for GW190403_051519 and GW190917_114630 respectively), and find that two of the eight new events have effective inspiral spins χeff > 0 (at 90% credibility), while no binary is consistent with χeff < 0 at the same significance. We provide updated estimates for rates of binary black hole and binary neutron star coalescence in the local Universe

All-sky, all-frequency directional search for persistent gravitational waves from Advanced LIGO’s and Advanced Virgo’s first three observing runs

We present the first results from an all-sky all-frequency (ASAF) search for an anisotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background using the data from the first three observing runs of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. Upper limit maps on broadband anisotropies of a persistent stochastic background were published for all observing runs of the LIGO-Virgo detectors. However, a broadband analysis is likely to miss narrowband signals as the signal-to-noise ratio of a narrowband signal can be significantly reduced when combined with detector output from other frequencies. Data folding and the computationally efficient analysis pipeline, {\tt PyStoch}, enable us to perform the radiometer map-making at every frequency bin. We perform the search at 3072 {\tt{HEALPix}} equal area pixels uniformly tiling the sky and in every frequency bin of width $1/32$~Hz in the range $20-1726$~Hz, except for bins that are likely to contain instrumental artefacts and hence are notched. We do not find any statistically significant evidence for the existence of narrowband gravitational-wave signals in the analyzed frequency bins. Therefore, we place $95\%$ confidence upper limits on the gravitational-wave strain for each pixel-frequency pair, the limits are in the range $(0.030 - 9.6) \times10^{-24}$. In addition, we outline a method to identify candidate pixel-frequency pairs that could be followed up by a more sensitive (and potentially computationally expensive) search, e.g., a matched-filtering-based analysis, to look for fainter nearly monochromatic coherent signals. The ASAF analysis is inherently independent of models describing any spectral or spatial distribution of power. We demonstrate that the ASAF results can be appropriately combined over frequencies and sky directions to successfully recover the broadband directional and isotropic results

Efecto de dosis suprafisiológicas de calcitriol sobre la expresión proteica de células de músculo liso vascular

Introducción: El calcitriol, fundamental para mantener la homeostasis del calcio y el fósforo en el organismo, puede perjudicar al sistema vascular a dosis elevadas, aumentando el riesgo de calcificación. Objetivo: Evaluar la expresión diferencial de proteínas en células de músculo liso vascular sometidas a una dosis suprafisiológica de calcitriol. Material y métodos: Se cultivaron células de músculo liso vascular de rata (SMAC-R) en presencia de 10-7 M de calcitriol durante 10 días. Se valoró el cambio de fenotipo muscular a óseo mediante actividad fosfatasa alcalina, inmunocitoquímica, reacción en cadena de la polimerasa cuantitativa a tiempo real (qPCR) y Western blot. Mediante electroforesis bidimensional y espectrometría de masas se evaluó el patrón diferencial de proteínas en presencia y ausencia de 10-7 M de calcitriol. Resultados: La exposición a una dosis alta de calcitriol disminuyó significativamente la expresión génica de elastina y la expresión génica y proteica de ?-actina, aumentado la expresión génica de osteocalcina y Runx2 y la proteica de osteoprotegerina. A nivel proteómico se identificaron 10 proteínas diferencialmente expresadas, destacando el aumento en superóxido dismutasa mitocondrial, proteínas del citoesqueleto, de formación de vesículas y del inflamasoma. Por el contrario, hubo 4 proteínas que disminuyeron su expresión, destacando alguna de tipo muscular. Conclusiones: En un modelo de células de músculo liso vascular sometidas a una dosis suprafisiológica de calcitriol se observó un aumento de expresión de proteínas del citoesqueleto, que forman vesículas de matriz y que participan en depurar radicales libres y en la respuesta inflamatoria. La pérdida de fenotipo muscular se vio representada por descensos en la expresión de proteínas típicamente musculares

Efecto del sistema RANK/RANKL/OPG sobre la desmineralización ósea y la calcificación vascular en la enfermedad renal crónica

Introducción: En la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) se producen alteraciones del metabolismo óseo y mineral que favorecen la calcificación de tejidos blandos. Alteraciones del sistema RANK/RANKL/OPG podrían estar favoreciendo la calcificación vascular, importante causa de morbimortalidad en la ERC.Objetivo: Valorar en un modelo experimental in vivo de insuficiencia renal crónica el efecto de la progresión de la misma sobre la calcificación vascular y sobre la pérdida de hueso correlacionando estos cambios con alteraciones en el sistema RANK/RANKL/OPG, utilizando un sistema in vitro para confirmar los hallazgos encontrados. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron dos modelos de calcificación vascular: un modelo in vivo en ratas con insuficiencia renal crónica alimentadas con dieta con diferente contenido en fósforo, y un modelo in vitro en células de músculo liso vascular (CMLV) sometidas a diferentes estímulos calcificantes. Resultados: A las 20 semanas, un 50% de los animales con dieta alta en fósforo presentó calcificaciones aórticas que se acompañó de aumento en la expresión aórtica de RANKL. Por el contrario, la OPG disminuyó como consecuencia probablemente del componente inflamatorio. A las 20 semanas en la tibia aumentó la expresión de RANKL y OPG, mientras que el aumento de OPG ocurrió en fases más tempranas. En CMLV la adición de suero urémico y medio calcificante indujo un incremento del contenido de calcio y de la expresión de RANKL y OPG. La adición de OPG y el silenciamiento de RANK inhibieron este aumento. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados confirman la participación del eje RANK/RANKL/OPG en el proceso de calcificación vascular

Efecto de la enzima antioxidante catalasa en la calcificación vascular y desmineralización ósea

Objetivos: Evaluar el papel de la enzima antioxidante catalasa sobre el proceso de calcificación vascular asociada a insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC) y su efecto sobre la masa ósea. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron ratones C57/BL6J salvajes (WT) y transgénicos (TG), que sobreexpresan la enzima catalasa, a los que se les indujo IRC. Se utilizaron como control ratones WT y TG con intervención simulada. Transcurridas 16 semanas los animales se sacrificaron, obteniendo suero para analizar marcadores bioquímicos, el trozo residual de riñón, la aorta y las tibias. Se utilizó igualmente un modelo in vitro de cultivo primario de células de músculo liso vascular (CMLV) procedentes de aorta de ratón WT y TG sometidas durante 8 días a un medio calcificante con 3 mM de fósforo y 2 mM de calcio. Resultados: Solo en animales WT con IRC se observó un incremento significativo en la expresión génica de Runx2 y del depósito renal de calcio y un deterioro de la estructura ósea a nivel trabecular. Este efecto no se observó en ratones TG con IRC. Solo en las CMLV de ratones WT, la adición de medio calcificante produjo un aumento del contenido en calcio, de la expresión proteica de Runx2 y de las especies reactivas de oxígeno mitocondriales con una menor expresión proteica de la enzima catalasa. Conclusiones: La sobreexpresión de la enzima catalasa redujo el proceso de calcificación tanto in vivo como in vitro, mostrando in vivo que ese descenso se acompañó de una mejora en los parámetros óseos estudiados

Avaliação otoneurológica em crianças com queixa de dificuldades escolares: pesquisa da função vestibular Otoneurologic evaluation in children with school difficulties: vestibular function investigation

Segundo a literatura, a disfunção vestibular infantil pode afetar consideravelmente a habilidade de comunicação e o desempenho escolar. OBJETIVO: Estudar a função vestibular em crianças com dificuldades escolares e suas queixas vestibulares. ESTUDO DE CASO: Estudo Clínico com coorte transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas 50 crianças entre 7 e 12 anos, que freqüentavam escolas públicas de Piracicaba durante os anos de 2004 e 2005. Os procedimentos foram: anamnese; exame otorrinolaringológico; exame audiológico e avaliação vestibular. RESULTADOS: Das crianças avaliadas, 62,0% não relataram dificuldades escolares e 38,0% referiram ter dificuldades. A queixa geral mais comum foi de tontura (36,0%), e o sintoma mais comum no ambiente escolar foi de cefaléia (50,0%). Encontramos 74,2% de exame vestibular normal nas crianças sem dificuldades escolares e 31,6% de normalidade nas crianças com dificuldades. Encontramos alterações vestibulares de origem periférica irritativa tanto unilateral como bilateral, num total de 68,4% para as crianças com dificuldades escolares e um total de 25,8% para crianças sem dificuldades escolares. CONCLUSÃO: A queixa de atordoamento, o sintoma de náuseas e as dificuldades em ler e copiar apresentaram uma relação estatisticamente significante. Todas as alterações vestibulares encontradas foram de origem periférica irritativa. Os dados revelaram uma relação estatisticamente significante.<br>According to the literature, child vestibular dysfunctions can considerably affect their ability of communication and school performance. AIM: to study the vestibular function in children with school difficulties and associated symptoms. CASE STUDY: Clinical study with transversal cohort. METHOD: Research subjects were 50 school children between 7 and 12 years old, from a public school of Piracicaba city, during the years 2004 and 2005. The procedure was based on: anamnesis; otorrinolaryngologic evaluation; audiologic evaluation and vestibular evaluation. RESULTS: All children assessed, 62.0% did not have school difficulties and 38.0% had school difficulties. Dizziness was the most common general complaint (36.0%). Migraine was the most common symptom regarding the school environment (50.0%). We found a high rate of normal vestibular condition (74.2%) in children without school difficulties and low normality rate in those with school difficulties (31.6%). All found vestibular alterations, both unilateral and bilateral, had been of peripheral irritative origin, accounting for 68.4% of cases for children with school difficulties and 25.8% for children without school difficulties. CONCLUSION: Dizziness, nausea, reading and copying difficulties presented a statistically significant relationship between the studied variables. All found vestibular alterations had been of peripheral irritative origin. Data showed a statistically significant relationship among variables