Aportación al estudio micosociológico de la provincia de León

Se muestran los resultados de algunas excursiones y el catálogo de las especies de macromicetes recolectadas en cada localidad.We show the results of some excursions with the catalogue of species rellected in each place

Aging the gap: The compensation among men and women executives

In this study, we explore how early career advancement affects the gender pay gap among top executives and argue that an employee's age at attainment of an executive position serves as a signal that helps reduce biases toward women, thereby lowering gender pay differentials. We analyze career data of 803 executives from public high-technology manufacturing firms in the United States by collecting information from ExecuComp, Marquis Who's Who, LinkedIn, and Bloomberg. Our results indicate that attaining a top management position at a young age has a positive effect on pay, particularly among women, and this effect is due to the variable portion of compensation, which represents a large proportion of compensation among top executives. Further, recent research has identified a pay premium among high-potential female managers, although its key drivers remain unclear. This paper explores age as an observable signal that influences this premium and reduces the gender pay gap

Through the magnifying glass: ALMA acute viewing of the intricate nebular architecture of OH231.8+4.2

We present continuum and molecular line emission ALMA observations of OH 231.8+4.2, a well studied bipolar nebula around an asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star. The high angular resolution (~0.2-0.3 arcsec) and sensitivity of our ALMA maps provide the most detailed and accurate description of the overall nebular structure and kinematics of this object to date. We have identified a number of outflow components previously unknown. Species studied in this work include 12CO, 13CO, CS, SO, SO2, OCS, SiO, SiS, H3O+, Na37Cl, and CH3OH. The molecules Na37Cl and CH3OH are first detections in OH 231.8+4.2, with CH3OH being also a first detection in an AGB star. Our ALMA maps bring to light the totally unexpected position of the mass-losing AGB star (QX Pup) relative to the large-scale outflow. QX Pup is enshrouded within a compact (<60 AU) parcel of dust and gas (clump S) in expansion (V~5-7 km/s) that is displaced by 0.6arcsec to the south of the dense equatorial region (or waist) where the bipolar lobes join. Our SiO maps disclose a compact bipolar outflow that emerges from QX Pup's vicinity. This outflow is oriented similarly to the large-scale nebula but the expansion velocities are about ten times lower (~35 km/s). We deduce short kinematical ages for the SiO outflow, ranging from ~50-80 yr, in regions within ~150 AU, to ~400-500 yr at the lobe tips (~3500 AU). Adjacent to the SiO outflow, we identify a small-scale hourglass-shaped structure (mini-hourglass) that is probably made of compressed ambient material formed as the SiO outflow penetrates the dense, central regions of the nebula. The lobes and the equatorial waist of the mini-hourglass are both radially expanding with a constant velocity gradient. The mini-waist is characterized by extremely low velocities, down to ~1 km/s at ~150 AU, which tentatively suggest the presence of a stable structure. (abridged

Características del crecimiento de levaduras de aceitunas de mesa a bajas temperaturas

The behaviour of Picchia anomala, Picchia membranaefaciens, Pichia minuta, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida diddensii, Candida famata y Debaryomyces hansenii, isolated form olive fermentations at low temperature was studied. The response, growth rate, at increasing time intervals, was studied by means of a General Linear Model (GLM) repeated measures, paying special attention to interactions. The most vigorous yeasts in YMGP were P. anomala, C. diddensii, y Deb. hansenii, who were able to grow at 7ºC and 8% salt. In brine, in addition to the main effects, the interactions salt-yeast, time-pH, time-yeast-species were also significant. P. membranaefaciens showed greater salt tolerance in brine than in YMPG. S. cerevisiae, P. minuta and C. famata were inhibited of both pH 3,5 and pH 4 at 7ºC. A sinergistic effect of salt and pH can inhibit yeast growth at 7ºC.Se ha estudiado el comportamiento dePicchia anomala, Picchia membranaefaciens, Pichia minuta, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida diddensii, Candida famata y Debaryomyces Hansenii a bajas temperaturas. La respuesta, crecimiento relativo determinado a diferentes intervalos de tiempo, se ha estudiado mediante el modelo lineal general (GLM) con medidas repetidas, prestándose especial atención a las interacciones. Las levaduras más resistentes en medio YMGP fueron P. anomala, C. diddensii, y Deb. hansenii que crecieron a 7 ºC incluso al 8% de sal. En salmueras, además de los efectos principales, fueron también significativas las interacciones, concentración de sal-especie de levadura, tiempo-pH, tiempo-especie de levadura, tiempo-sal-pH y tiempo-sal-especie de levadura. P. membranaefaciens mostró mayor tolerancia a la sal en la salmuera que en YMGP. S. cerevisiae, P. membranaefaciens y C. famata se inhibieron a 7ºC tanto a pH 3,5 como 4, con independencia de los niveles de sal. Combinaciones adecuadas de pH y sal pueden inhibir el crecimiento a 7ºC

A cooperative game approach to a production planning problem

This paper deals with a production planning problem formulated as a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model that has a competition component, given that the manufacturers are willing to produce as much products as they can in order to fulfil the market’s needs. This corresponds to a typical game theoretic problem applied to the productive sector, where a global optimization problem involves production planning in order to maximize the utilities for the different firms that manufacture the same type of products and compete in the market. This problem has been approached as a cooperative game, which involves a possible cooperation scheme among the manufacturers. The general problem was approached by Owen (1995) as the “production game” and the core was considered. This paper identifies the cooperative game theoretic model for the production planning MILP optimization problem and Shapley Value was chosen as the solution approach. The results obtained indicate the importance of cooperating among competitors. Moreover, this leads to economic strategies for small manufacturing companies that wish to survive in a competitive environment

Evolución del crecimiento en salmuera, a bajas temperaturas y diferentes acidulantes, de levaduras aisladas de aceitunas de mesa

The evolution of the main yeast species related to table olives ( Pichia anomala, Pichia membranaefaciens, Pichia minuta, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida diddensii, Candida famata , and Debaryomyces hansenii ) at low temperature ( 7 ºC ) and different physico-chemical brine conditions was studied, using the log of the relative growth as response. In general, the NaCl concentration had a reduced effect, which was slightly greater at pH 3.5, although it was never significant. The effects of pH and type of acid were significant: the presence of acetic acid always diminished the yeast population with time; however the population was maintained, or even slightly increased, in the presence of lactic acid. Such effects were higher at pH 3.5 than at pH 4.0. The behaviour of the yeast species was diverse. Sacch. cerevisiae , P. nmembranaefaciens , C. famata y Deb. hansenii diminished with time in 8 % NaCl. The yeast population markedly decreased at pH 3.5, mainly in the case of Sacch. cerevisiae and C. famata. The presence of acetic acid decreased the yeast population in most species and always lead to a progressive diminution of it with time. No differences between species due to lactic acid was observed. These results can be of interest for the development of commercial presentations of table olives to be preserved at low temperature and with a reduced level of sodium.Se ha estudiado la evolución de las principales especies de levaduras relacionadas con las aceitunas de mesa ( Pichia anomala, Pichia membranaefaciens, Pichia minuta, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida diddensii, Candida famata , y Debaryomyces hansenii ) a baja temperara ( 7 ºC ) y en diversas condiciones físico-químicas en las salmueras, utilizando el log del crecimiento relativo como respuesta. En general, la concentración de sal tiene un efecto muy limitado, que se aprecia algo más a pH 4, pero sin llegar a ser significativo. Los efectos del tipo de ácido y pH fueron significativos; la presencia de acético disminuye la población con el tiempo, mientras que con el láctico se mantiene e, incluso, se eleva ligeramente. Estos efectos se acentúan a pH 3,5. El comportamiento de cada levadura frente a las diferentes variables ha sido diverso. La población relativa de las especies Sacch. cerevisiae , P. membranaefaciens , C. famata y Deb. hansenii disminuyó con el tiempo en presencia del 8 % de NaCl. A pH 3,5 disminuye muy sensiblemente la población inicial en todos los casos, siendo tal influencia más destacada en Sacch. cerevisiae y C. famata. La presencia de acético disminuye de forma importante la población inicial inoculada en la mayoría de los casos y provocó siempre un descenso paulatino en las mismas. No se observó diferencias entre las especies debido al ácido láctico. Estos estudios pueden ser de interés para el desarrollo de presentaciones comerciales de aceitunas de mesa refrigeradas y con reducido nivel de sodio

Modelo de gestión estratégica para producción de carbón vegetal por programación lineal en la EFI Pinar del Río

This aim of the study was to elaborate a mathematical-economic model was built by linear programming and the software Win QSV to maximize the utilities in the charcoal's production process in the Pinar del Rio's Integral Forest Company (IFC).The mathematical-economic model was an effective tool for the charcoal's production planning. A group of actions have been proposed which allows a long term optimization for the process of charcoal's sustainable production.Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo elaborar un modelo matemático-económico mediante la programación lineal y el sistema informática Win QSV con vistas a maximizar las utilidades y propiciar la gestión del proceso de producción de carbón vegetal. Los resultados del modelo matemático-económico resulta una herramienta efectiva para la planificación de la producción de carbón vegetal en la empresa. Se proponen un conjunto de acciones que permitirán a largo plazo optimizar el proceso de producción sostenible de carbón vegetal

COPD classification models and mortality prediction capacity

Our aim was to assess the impact of comorbidities on existing COPD prognosis scores. Patients and methods: A total of 543 patients with COPD (FEV1 < 80% and FEV1/ FVC <70%) were included between January 2003 and January 2004. Patients were stable for at least 6 weeks before inclusion and were followed for 5 years without any intervention by the research team. Comorbidities and causes of death were established from medical reports or information from primary care medical records. The GOLD system and the body mass index, obstruction, dyspnea and exercise (BODE) index were used for COPD classification. Patients were also classified into four clusters depending on the respiratory disease and comorbidities. Cluster analysis was performed by combining multiple correspondence analyses and automatic classification. Receiver operating characteristic curves and the area under the curve (AUC) were calculated for each model, and the DeLong test was used to evaluate differences between AUCs. Improvement in prediction ability was analyzed by the DeLong test, category-free net reclassification improvement and the integrated discrimination index. Results: Among the 543 patients enrolled, 521 (96%) were male, with a mean age of 68 years, mean body mass index 28.3 and mean FEV1% 55%. A total of 167 patients died during the study follow-up. Comorbidities were prevalent in our cohort, with a mean Charlson index of 2.4. The most prevalent comorbidities were hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. On comparing the BODE index, GOLDABCD, GOLD2017 and cluster analysis for pre-dicting mortality, cluster system was found to be superior compared with GOLD2017 (0.654 vs 0.722, P=0.006), without significant differences between other classification models. When cardiovascular comorbidities and chronic renal failure were added to the existing scores, their prognostic capacity was statistically superior (P<0.001). Conclusion: Comorbidities should be taken into account in COPD management scores due to their prevalence and impact on mortalit

Características del proceso fermentativo durante la conservación de aceitunas de la variedad Hojiblanca, destinadas a la elaboración del tipo negras

The paper studies the changes of the physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the fermentation in aerobic conditions that occur during the storage stage of Hojiblanca cultivar used to elaborate ripe olives. Assayed treatments include all the conditions used at industrial level (correction of initial pH to 4,0-4,2 units with acetic acid, sodium chloride concentration ranging between 3 and 6%, green to yellow-pink green fruits and bubling of air at a rate of 0,3 liter per hour and liter of the vessel capacity). The process was characterized by a maintenance of the pH values, a slow sugar consumption, very low content of carbon dioxide and progressive increase of the salt concentration. Gram-negative rods and Bacillus grew at the beginning of the process; however, the most representative germs of these fermentation were the yeasts, whose population grew rapidly from brining (at higher rate as the salt content was slower). They remained throughout the storage, although after 180 days a decrease tendency was observed. The most representative species were: Pichía membranae faciens (51% of frequency), Pichía fementans (6%) and Hansenula polymorpha (6%). No gas-pocket or shrivelling was appreciated in any treatment.El trabajo estudia la evolución de las características físico-químicas y microbiológicas de la fermentación en medio aeróbico durante la conservación de aceitunas de la variedad Hojiblanca, en las diversas condiciones de los actuales procesos industriales (pH corregido inicialmente con acético a 4,0-4,2 unidades, concentración de sal entre 3 y 6%, frutos verdes o con una mayor madurez y aireación a razón de 0,3 litros de aire por hora y litro de capacidad del recipiente). La misma se caracteriza por un mantenimiento del pH, lenta utilización de los azúcares, bajos niveles de anhídrido carbónico disuelto y progresiva subida de la concentración de sal. Asimismo, se desarrollan bacilos Gram-negativos y Bacillus al comienzo del proceso, pero los microorganismos verdaderamente representativos de la fermentación son las levaduras cuya población aumenta rápidamente (mayor velocidad a medida que la concentración de sal es más baja) y permanecen durante toda la conservación en niveles elevados, si bien, después de 180 días existe una tendencia general a disminuir. Las especies más abundantes son: Pichía membranae faciens (51%); Pichía fermentans (6%) y Hansenula polimorpha (6%). En ningún tratamiento se observa arrugado ni alambrado en las aceitunas