Estruturas das comunidades de peixes recifais em ilhas oceânicas do atlântico e pacífico oriental

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Florianópolis, 2013As ilhas oceânicas, apesar de representarem uma pequena fração dos ambientes marinhos do planeta, tem contribuido para o entendimento de processos ecológicos e evolutivos. No entanto, Abstract: Oceanic islands, although they represent a small fraction of marine environments on the planet, have contributed to understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes. However, <10% of the studies that include oceanic islands in their analyzes approach the marine systems. This lack of knowledge is further aggravated due to over exploitation of marine environments in the last century. Given this lackof information and using the reef fish as biological models, were evaluated some assumptions about the structure of marine communities on oceanic islands, such as: 1) taxonomic differences between provinces isolated by geographical barriers, 2) the relationship between species richness, area and degree of isolation, 3) the relative importance of local and regional endemic species to the composition of the assemblies and 4) the influence of biotic, abiotic and human activities on the richness,density, biomass and trophic structure of reef fish.The study area comprised eleven tropical oceanic islands and one subtropical, located between latitudes 28 ° N and 22 ° S, five islands inthe eastern Pacific (Revillagigedos, Cocos, Clipperton, Malpelo and Galapagos), four in the Western Atlantic (Archipelago St. Peter and St.Paul, Rocas Atoll, Fernando de Noronha and Trindade), two in theeastern Atlantic (Cape Verde and Sao Tome) and in the North Atlantic(Azores). Reef fish communities were sampled using underwater visualcensuses (CV) in variable areas and in species lists (LS) published. Thevariables obtained from the communities of reef fish were the richness,density and biomass of species. Physical variables such as primaryproductivity and sea surface temperature were obtained from databasesavailable online. As an indicator of human pressure was used the densityof human population in the last census reported for each island and thestatus of environmental protection given by the IUCN.The gender composition of reef fish in islands were classified into threegroups according to the degree of similarity (ANOSIM; Rglobal = 0.32, p= 0.01), this information coincides with the biogeographic provincesproposed by Briggs (1974), reflecting the intensity of biogeographicbarriers, as the Isthmus of Panama (IP) and Barrier Central Atlantic(BCA) in the separation of the composition of genres. The curves of species richness vs. area showed a positive correlation (R2CV: R2LE and0.29: 0.55), confirming the pattern observed by MacArthur & Wilson(1967) in their study of island biogeography. However, to the degree of isolation there was no significant relationship, despite a negative trend was observed (R2CV: R2LE 0.03 and 0.21.) This is possibly due to greater dispersal ability of marine organisms compared to terrestrial organisms across great distances with major frequency. The largest number ofendemic regional communities that make up the reef fishes in the eastern Pacific is related to greater isolation of this region with respectto the adjacent provinces (Caribbean and Central Pacific), IP is more effective than BCA Productivity, temperature, status of protected, and human population density, together or separately, were not able to explain the observed variations in density and biomass between the islands. However, it was observed that sites with lower biomass of reef fishes were those with the presence of resident human population, these been the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, the archipelago of Cape Verde and Sao Tome Island. In these places, the existence of fishing, even artisanal fisheries,probably influence negatively in the biomass of large fish. This work shows that the species composition of reef fishes of oceanic islands are closely related to large-scale biogeographic factors, where as patterns ofcommunity structure (abundance, biomass) are more susceptible to local factors, including human action

Expresiones de la subjetividad desde el confinamiento Covid-19

The present document arises with the purpose of identifying the expressions of subjectivity that have emerged in human groups due to Covid-19, by showing the transformations that "normality" has gone through and that many still yearn for. Next, this document presents some subjective experiences that have surfaced in the Colombian context. Finally, it shows the relationship between the new ways of life and the way in which subjectivity emerges, especially the political one. In this way, an academic provocation is offered to aim to show the way for new works that take the present thematic as the central axis of their reflection.El presente documento surge con la finalidad de identificar las expresiones de la subjetividad, que han emergido en los grupos humanos a causa del Covid-19, indicando las transformaciones por las que ha pasado la “normalidad”, que muchos aún añoran. Posteriormente se da paso a la presentación de algunas experiencias subjetivas que han hecho su aparición en el contexto colombiano y finalmente la relación de los nuevos modos de vida con la manera en que emerge la subjetividad y especialmente la subjetividad política. De esta manera, se ofrece una provocación académica que pretende mostrar el camino para nuevos trabajos que tomen la presente temática como eje central de su reflexión

Potential changes in the connectivity of marine protected areas driven by extreme ocean warming

Projected future climate scenarios anticipate a warmer tropical ocean and changes in surface currents that will likely influence the survival of marine organisms and the connectivity of marine protected areas (MPAs) networks. We simulated the regional effects of climate change on the demographic connectivity of parrotfishes in nine MPAs in the South Atlantic through downscaling of the HadGEM2-ES Earth System Model running the RCP 8.5 greenhouse gas trajectory. Results indicate a tropicalization scenario over the tropical southwest Atlantic following an increase of sea surface temperature (SST) between 1.8 and 4.5 °C and changes in mean surface currents between − 0.6 to 0.5 m s−1 relative to present conditions. High mortality rates will reduce demographic connectivity and increase the isolation of oceanic islands. The simulation of organismal response to ocean warming shows that acclimation can significantly improve (p < 0.001) particle survival, promoting connectivity and tropicalization of MPAs, with potential impacts on their functional integrity and long-term resilience.publishedVersio

Caracterización del síndrome de fragilidad en el adulto mayor y factores asociados

Con el aumento de porcentaje de adultos mayores en la población general, que en la mayoría de los casos presentan comorbilidades representando un gasto importante para el estado, se hace necesario tomar medidas para disminuir su impacto en el sistema. El síndrome de fragilidad es un estado patológico de vulnerabilidad que aumenta la posibilidad del adulto mayor de adquirir enfermedades, y presentar eventos adversos; por lo tanto se hace de gran importancia su identificación. El objetivo de esta monografía es caracterizar el síndrome de fragilidad en el adulto y determinar sus factores asociados. El envejecimiento es un proceso que observamos en todos los seres vivos, donde se producen una serie de cambios fisiológicos en los diferentes sistemas del cuerpo. Dados los factores predisponentes de esta patología, es necesario tener un método diagnóstico que reconozca los aspectos más importantes de la fragilidad. Existen diferentes instrumentos, unos que fueron creados para la medición del síndrome y otros, que debido a sus similitudes se han podido extrapolar para facilitar su diagnóstico en los diferentes niveles de atención en salud. Muchos factores se han asociado a la aparición este síndrome, estos se podrían agrupar en biológicos, psicosociales, y comorbilidades asociadas. La prevalencia del síndrome de fragilidad varía dependiendo de la población estudiada y sus condiciones. Esto lo respaldan los estudios revisados que se realizaron en Colombia, estos que presentaron una prevalencia similar, aproximadamente entre 12 y 18%, posiblemente por el hecho de la población estudiada se encuentra en el mismo contexto.PregradoMedic

Determinants of reef fish assemblages in tropical Oceanic islands

Diversity patterns are determined by biogeographic, energetic, and anthropogenic factors, yet few studies have combined them into a large‐scale framework in order to decouple and compare their relative effects on fish faunas. Using an empirical dataset derived from 1527 underwater visual censuses (UVC) at 18 oceanic islands (five different marine provinces), we determined the relative influence of such factors on reef fish species richness, functional dispersion, density and biomass estimated from each UVC unit. Species richness presented low variation but was high at large island sites. High functional dispersion, density, and biomass were found at islands with large local species pool and distance from nearest reef. Primary productivity positively affected fish richness, density and biomass confirming that more productive areas support larger populations, and higher biomass and richness on oceanic islands. Islands densely populated by humans had lower fish species richness and biomass reflecting anthropogenic effects. Species richness, functional dispersion, and biomass were positively related to distance from the mainland. Overall, species richness and fish density were mainly influenced by biogeographical and energetic factors, whereas functional dispersion and biomass were strongly influenced by anthropogenic factors. Our results extend previous hypotheses for different assemblage metrics estimated from empirical data and confirm the negative impact of humans on fish assemblages, highlighting the need for conservation of oceanic islands.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR

Determinants of fish assemblages in oceanic islands: Fatores determinantes das assembleias de peixes em ilhas oceânicas

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Florianópolis, 2017.Recifes são ecossistemas altamente complexos influenciados por processos que interagem em diferentes escalas espaciais determinando a estruturação e manutenção das comunidades. Estes processos ocorrem em escalas locais e regionais. Os processos locais especificamente, são mediados pelas relações entre as espécies e seu entorno, enquanto os processos regionais como a dispersão das espécies e sua importância para o incremento da diversidade. Muitos dos esforços realizados para entender estes processos, têm sido centrados apenas na riqueza de espécies, enquanto outros componentes da diversidade tais como a densidade de indivíduos, a diversidade funcional, a biomassa e as interações entre as espécies permanecem pouco explorados. Esta falta de conhecimento é ainda maior quando comparamos ambientes terrestres e marinhos, pois estes apresentam um impedimento adicional imposto pelo meio aquático, o que dificulta fazer inferências nesses ambientes. Esta tese teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de processos locais e regionais sobre diferentes componentes da diversidade (riqueza de espécies, diversidade funcional, densidade, biomassa) e as interações entre espécies (interações de limpeza). Para tal, esta tese foi dividida em três capítulos nos quais são explorados diferentes processos locais e regionais. No capítulo 1 ?Unusual reef fish biomass and functional richness at Malpelo, a remote island in the Tropical Eastern Pacific? foi explorado como os fatores locais determinam a riqueza de espécies, riqueza funcional, densidade de indivíduos e biomassa de peixes em uma ilha oceânica no Pacífico Oriental Tropical. No capítulo 2 ?Determinants of fish assemblages in tropical oceanic islands? foram explorados como fatores biogeográficos, energéticos e antropogênicos explicam a variação dos componentes de diversidade observados em 18 ilhas oceânicas de cinco províncias biogeográficas marinhas. Finalmente no capítulo 3 ?Dedicated cleaners structure marine mutualistic networks? foi avaliado como os atributos das espécies podem influenciar o nível de aninhamento das redes de interações de limpeza e suas implicações nas comunidades recifais. Na escala local (ilha oceânica ? capítulo 1), fatores como a exposição, a profundidade e a distância do continente estão associados à alta biomassa e riqueza funcional encontrada, a qual foi representada principalmente por espécies vulneráveis. Por outro lado, observou-se (capítulo 2) que o conjunto de fatores energéticos (produtividade primária e temperatura superficial do mar) e antropogênicos (distância do continente, nível de proteção ambiental e densidade humana) explicaram tanto individualmente como em conjunto a variação observada nos componentes de diversidade encontradas nas ilhas oceânicas. Finalmente, observou-se que atributos específicos das espécies como o tamanho corporal e formação de cardumes são determinantes na estrutura das redes de interações de espécies. Esses múltiplos fatores demonstram que os processos locais e regionais determinam a estrutura e manutenção de peixes em ambientes recifais tropicais.Abstract : Reefs are highly complex ecosystems influenced by processes that interact at different spatial scales determining the structuring and maintenance of communities. These processes occur at local and regional scales. Local processes are specifically mediated by the relationships between species and their environment and, regional processes, such as species dispersal and their importance to increasing biodiversity. Several efforts to understand these processes are focused only on species richness, while other components of diversity as density, functional diversity, biomass, and interactions between species remain poorly explored. This lack of knowledge is greater when are compared terrestrial and marine environments. The marine environment presents an additional impediment established by the aquatic environment, making difficult the inferences in these environments. In this thesis is evaluated the influence of local and regional processes on different diversity components (e.g., species richness, functional diversity, density, and biomass) and species interactions (e.g., cleaning interactions). This thesis was divided into three chapters, showing an exploration of different local and regional processes. In chapter 1 named "Unusual reef fish biomass and functional richness at Malpelo, a remote island in the Tropical Eastern Pacific" was explored the influence of local factors in species richness, functional richness, density and fish biomass on small and remote oceanic island in the Tropical East Pacific. In chapter 2 named "Determinants of fish assemblages in tropical oceanic islands" is explored how the biogeographic, energetic and anthropogenic factors explain the variation of the diversity components observed in 18 oceanic islands of five marine biogeographical provinces. Finally, in Chapter 3 named "Dedicated cleaners structure marine mutualistic networks" was evaluated the influence of life-history traits of the species in the nesting level of the networks of cleaning interactions and their implications in the reef communities. To conclude, factors like continent exposure, depth and distance are associated with the high biomass and functional richness found in local scales, mainly represented by vulnerable species. Otherwise, the set of energetic factors (e.g., primary productivity and sea surface temperature) and anthropogenic factors (e.g., the distance of the continent, level of environmental protection and human density) explain individually and jointly the variation in different diversity components. Finally, the species-specific life-history traits, such as body size and schooling are determinant in the structure of the networks of species interactions. These multiple factors demonstrate that local and regional processes determine the structure and maintenance of fish in tropical reef environments

Plan de negocios para la creación de una empresa de diseño, confección y comercialización de ropa exterior aprovechando en su mayoría mano de obra de minorías étnicas en Bogotá

El proyecto de grado titulado Plan De Negocios Para La Creación De Una Empresa De Diseño, Confección Y Comercialización De Ropa Exterior Aprovechando En Su Mayoría Mano De Obra De Minorías Étnicas En Bogotá , considera la estructuración y conceptos básicos para el emprendimiento de un plan de negocios, y los mezcla con la necesidad que los autores observan ante el vacío de apoyo social ,económico y de desarrollo sobre la población étnica en la ciudad de Bogotá, dando como resultado un negocio en el cual prima la autenticidad del diseño de cada prenda, aportada por dicha comunidad, y plasmándola en ropa femenina de alta costura, en el que son favorecidos no solo los ideadores del negocio, sino todos los involucrados en dicho proceso (socios, colaboradores, proveedores, sector, ciudad, PAÍS).The graduation project titled Business Plan for the creation of a design, manufacturing and commercialization of outerwear company, using mostly ethnic minorities labor in Bogotá, considers the structure and basic concepts for the undertaking of a business plan and relates it to the social lack of support from the government and other entities towards ethnic groups in Bogota City, giving as a result a business in which the most important aspect is the authenticity contained in each design, given by the workforce s community and reflected on Haute Couture feminine clothing, in which are favored not only the creators of the business, but everyone involved in this process (partners, employees, suppliers, industry, city, country)

The global structure of marine cleaning mutualistic networks

Aim We studied the underlying biotic and abiotic drivers of network patterns in marine cleaning mutualisms (species feeding upon ectoparasites and injured tissues of others) at large spatial scales. Location Time period Eleven marine biogeographical provinces. 1971-2018. Major taxa studied Methods Reef fish and shrimps. We combined field and literature data to test whether recurrent patterns in mutualistic networks (nestedness, modularity) describe the distributions of marine cleaning interactions. Nested network structures suggest that some cleaner species interact with many clients while the others clean fewer, predictable subsets of these clients; modular network structures suggest that cleaners and clients interact within defined, densely connected subsets of species. We used linear mixed models to evaluate whether the life-history traits of cleaners contribute to the emergence of these patterns locally and whether environmental and geographical factors influence the network structures. Results Main conclusions Marine cleaning networks were more nested than modular. Nestedness was prevalent in communities with dedicated cleaners (ones that feed exclusively by cleaning), whereas communities with only facultative cleaners (ones that clean opportunistically) were generally unstructured. Cleaner type and taxa were the only traits shaping networks, with dedicated fish cleaners contributing disproportionally more than facultative cleaners and shrimps to the emergence of nestedness. Although cleaner species seem concentrated around the tropics and biodiversity centres, we did not detect an influence of environmental and geographical factors on network structures. Dedicated species are key in shaping the structure of marine cleaning mutualistic networks. By relying exclusively on cleaning to feed, dedicated cleaners interact with most of the available clients and form the network core, whereas the opportunistic facultative species tend to clean the most common clients. We hypothesize that trophic niche variation and phenotypic specialization are major drivers of this asymmetry in marine mutualisms. Our study strengthens the links between biotic interactions at the community level and the distribution of species and specializations at larger spatial scales