21 research outputs found

    Influence of early thermic and photoperiodic control on growth and smoltification in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

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    Atlantic salmon juveniles were subjected to a precocious (day 104 after first feeding) photoperiodic (P) and thermic (T) control. After rearing the fry at 16 degrees C, constant (16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness, 16 degrees C) (C) and shortened simulated natural S photoperiod and temperature regimes were used in a factorial experimental design until transfer to seawater. The growth obtained with constant (C) regimes was better than with S regimes. In all cases, we observed very early (day 141, mid-June) a clear segregation of the population into two different subpopulations. Among the conditions, all the differences between the upper and lower modes were growth-dependent. We observed different developmental trends of the gill (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity: the S regime gave a very progressive increase of the enzymatic activity, while we had a rapid decrease after a first phase of increase with a constant photoperiod. The absolute levels of the gill (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity were slightly lower than those observed in one year-old smolts. However, they arc quite similar to those of upper-mode fish that have a good salinity tolerance. After transfer to seawater, fish subjected to shortened simulated temperature and photoperiod had the lowest mortality and osmotic disturbance (after 48 hours and 3 weeks). Although the freshwater phase generally lasts more than 15-17 months for this species in a natural environment, we concluded that it is possible to obtain a good salinity tolerance after 7-8 months, with shortened simulated natural photoperiod and temperature regimes, in spite of the absence of a real smoltification; these regimes, however, must be applied during the "dynamic" presmolting phase when the growth is intense.Des juvĂ©niles de saumons atlantiques (Salmo salar) ont Ă©tĂ© soumis prĂ©cocement (104 jours aprĂšs la premiĂšre distribution alimentaire) Ă  un contrĂŽle de la photopĂ©riode (P) et de la tempĂ©rature (T). Le premier alevinage s'est dĂ©roulĂ© Ă  16 °C; puis des rĂ©gimes de photopĂ©riode et tempĂ©rature constants (C) (16 heures de jours et 8 heures de nuit, 16 °C) et simulĂ©s naturels raccourcis (S) ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s Ă  partir d'un plan expĂ©rimental factoriel appliquĂ© jusqu'au transfert en mer. La croissance obtenue est meilleure avec les rĂ©gimes constants (C) qu'avec les rĂ©gimes simulĂ©s (S). Nous avons obtenu trĂšs tĂŽt (jour 141, Ă  la mi-juin), et dans tous les cas, une sĂ©grĂ©gation de la population en deux sous-groupes. Les diffĂ©rences enregistrĂ©es entre les modes haut et bas sont toutes liĂ©es Ă  la croissance. L'activitĂ© de la (Na+-K+)-ATPase branchiale Ă©volue diffĂ©remment en fonction des cas: le rĂ©gime Ă  photopĂ©riode simulĂ©e (S) permet une augmentation progressive de l'activitĂ© enzymatique alors que dans le cas oĂč la photopĂ©riode est constante une rapide diminution de l'activitĂ© fait suite Ă  une phase d'augmentation. Les niveaux absolus de la (Na+-K+)-ATPase branchiale sont lĂ©gĂšrement infĂ©rieurs Ă  ceux observĂ©s sur des smolts de 1 an. Cependant, ils sont voisins de ceux de juvĂ©niles de saumons appartenant au mode haut d'une population (smolts potentiels) qui ont une bonne tolĂ©rance aux salinitĂ©s Ă©levĂ©es. AprĂšs un transfert en mer, les poissons soumis au rĂ©gime S ont une moindre mortalitĂ©. un dĂ©sĂ©quilibre osmotique plus faible. Bien que la phase de vie en eau douce se dĂ©roule gĂ©nĂ©ralement en 15–17 mois pour cette espĂšce, en conditions naturelles, nous concluons qu'il est possible d'obtenir une bonne tolĂ©rance Ă  la salinitĂ© aprĂšs 7–8 mois, si l'on applique des rĂ©gimes de photopĂ©riode et tempĂ©rature simulĂ©s naturels raccourcis et ceci en l'absence d'une rĂ©elle smoltification; ces rĂ©gimes doivent cependant ĂȘtre utilisĂ©s durant une phase dynamique de prĂ©smoltification. lorsque la croissance est forte

    Influence de l'hydrodynamique des bassins sur la survie et la croissance des larves de turbot (Psetta maxima)

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    During larval rearing phase of turbot, a substantial variability in survival and growth is frequently observed. In this paper, we studied the effects of hydrodynamics in larvae rearing tanks on the survival and the growth of fed and starved larvae, using the following conditions: water flows of 600 and 1200 ml.mn(-1), constant and progressive ones, air flows of 10 and 30 ml.mn(-1), downward and upward water circulation, with direction change during the rearing phase. We also studied the interactions between water circulation direction and feeding conditions by (1) shifting the first feeding day (4 occasions, at 8 hours intervals, from 52 to 76 hours after 95% of hatching) and (2) using 2 amounts of preys (which differ by a factor 3). The results show that water and air flows have a strong effect on the mortality : a 25% water flow increase and a low air flow have negative effects during the mixed feeding period. The water circulation direction influenced strongly the mortality during the whole period :an upward water direction leads to the best survival. These results were confirmed under water circulation direction changes. Under these conditions, the mortality was immediately modified the change from an upward to a downward direction provides high mortalities and conversely. The feeding conditions have no effects on the larvae survival. There is no interactions with water circulation direction on survival. During this rearing phase, nor hydrodynamics conditions, nor the first feeding day shift have an effect on the growth, The amount of preys is the only condition which provides a significant effect on the larval growth. In conclusion, hydrodynamics in rearing tanks has a strong effect on the larvae survival, in order to limit the variability of turbot rearing performances, the control of the air and water flows is of prime importance. The prey availability and their accessibility for the larvae do not seem to be linked with the hydrodynamics effects.Une forte variabilitĂ© des performances larvaires est observĂ©e chez le turbot. De nombreuses causes ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es, mais peu de travaux ont Ă©tĂ© publiĂ©s sur l'influence des conditions environnementales. Dans cet article, les effets des conditions hydrodynamiques des milieux d'Ă©levage sur la survie et la croissance de larves nourries jusqu'aux jours 7-10 et de larves non alimentĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s. Plusieurs expĂ©rimentations ont portĂ© sur l'importance des dĂ©bits d'eau (600 et 1200 ml.mn-1, constant et progressif), des dĂ©bits d'air (10 et 30 ml.mn-1) et du sens de circulation de l'eau (descendant et ascendant, avec et sans changement de sens en cours d'Ă©levage). De plus, les interactions possibles du sens de circulation de l'eau avec les conditions d'alimentation des larves ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es (i) en diffĂ©rant la premiĂšre distribution alimentaire (Ă  4 moments diffĂ©rents entre 52 Ă  76 heures aprĂšs le stade 95% d'Ă©clos) et (ii) en utilisant deux rations alimentaires (diffĂ©rentes d'un facteur 3). Les rĂ©sultats montrent que les dĂ©bits d'eau et d'air influencent fortement la mortalitĂ© : une Ă©lĂ©vation de 25% du dĂ©bit d'eau et un faible dĂ©bit d'air ont des effets nĂ©gatifs durant la pĂ©riode d'alimentation mixte (jours 3-4). Le sens de circulation de l'eau influence la mortalitĂ© durant toute la pĂ©riode d'Ă©levage concernĂ©e. Un courant ascendant amĂ©liore la survie. Ces rĂ©sultats ont Ă©tĂ© confortĂ©s lorsque des changements de sens de circulation de l'eau ont Ă©tĂ© pratiquĂ©s en cours d'Ă©levage. Ils modifient quasi immĂ©diatement (dans les 8-24 heures) l'Ă©volution des mortalitĂ©s observĂ©es : le passage d'un courant ascendant Ă  un courant descendant entraĂźne de fortes mortalitĂ©s et le changement inverse se traduit par une diminution, voire un arrĂȘt de la mortalitĂ©. Les conditions d'alimentation testĂ©es n'influencent pas la survie larvaire ; elles n'interagissent pas non plus avec le sens de circulation de l'eau sur la survie. Par ailleurs, ni les facteurs influençant l'hydrodynamique dans les bassins, ni le dĂ©calage de la premiĂšre alimentation n'ont d'effet sur la croissance larvaire. Seule l'augmentation de la quantitĂ© de proies distribuĂ©es permet une augmentation significative de la croissance. En conclusion, l'hydrodynamique dans les bassins a une forte influence sur les survies des larves. Ceci impose, d'un point de vue pratique, un contrĂŽle prĂ©cis des dĂ©bits d'eau et d'air. La disponibilitĂ© en proies et leur accessibilitĂ© pour les larves ne semblent pas devoir ĂȘtre liĂ©es aux effets des facteurs hydrodynamiques

    Croissance et survie marines de post-smolts de saumons atlantiques (Salmo salar) : effets de leur origine, de l’alimentation, des structures et des techniques d’élevage

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    Atlantic salmon summer mortalities occured systematically on the coast of Brittany. The effects of various factors were studied and are exposed in the present report : - The origin of the fish as well as the fresh water rearing conditions (water quality, handling and rearing densities) may influence survival of salmon in sea water several months later. - The study of factors associated with the sea cages transfer have shown that (1) the osmotic disturbances after a 35 ppt sea water transfer are much higher than after a 28 ppt salt water transfer and the effect on growth lasts more than two weeks, (2) the transfer in sea cages leads to an arrested growth which is reduced by using wet food, the salt water transfer having no effect by itself, (3) the transport to sea cages reduces the length growth, while the sea cage transfer has only an effect on the condition factor. -The study of factors which may affect the survival rates of Atlantic salmon during summer demonstrated that (1) preventive treatments in order to control diseases associated with mortalities have no effect, (2) it is difficult to prove that the solar radiation exposure have any effect, but (3) that the mortality kinetics depends on the date of the sea cage transfer and (4) survival is linked to the food texture (dry or wet). - Data collected during several years point out that fish reared in circular tanks have clearly higher summer survival than those reared in sea cages. The results are discussed in this paper. We conclude that, if the summer conditions (i.e. the conditions linked with the temperature and the solar radiation exposure) are a discriminating factor for the Atlantic salmon, many other factors also significantly affect the performances during the summer period : their control might increase the summer survival.De fortes mortalitĂ©s estivales de saumons atlantiques apparaissent systĂ©matiquement sur les cĂŽtes bretonnes. Les effets de certains facteurs autres que ceux de l’environnement sont Ă©tudiĂ©s dans le prĂ©sent rapport :- L'origine des poissons et les conditions ayant prĂ©valu lors de la phase d'Ă©levage en eau douce peuvent influencer les performances de survies plusieurs mois plus tard.- L'Ă©tude de facteurs associĂ©s au transfert en cage fait apparaĂźtre que (1) le choc osmotique reprĂ©sentĂ© par le transfert en eau de mer Ă  fortes salinitĂ©s (35‰) est supĂ©rieur Ă  celui dĂ» Ă  un transfert Ă  28%o et a des consĂ©quences sur la croissance pendant plus d'une quinzaine de jours, (2) le transfert en cage marine entraĂźne un blocage temporaire de croissance, non observĂ© aprĂšs le seul transfert en eau de mer, blocage qui peut ĂȘtre limitĂ© par l'utilisation d'un aliment humide, (3) le transport vers des cages freine la croissance en longueur alors que le transfert en cage n'a d'effet que sur l'embonpoint.- Lors de la phase estivale proprement-dite, l'Ă©tude montre (1) que des traitements prĂ©ventifs pour Ă©viter des pathologies secondaires n'ont pas eu d'effet, (2) qu'il est difficile de conclure quant Ă  l'effet possible de l'insolation, (3) que la date de transfert en cage influence la cinĂ©tique de mortalitĂ© des poissons et (4) que leur survie est liĂ©e Ă  l'alimentation (humide/sĂšche).- Une analyse globale des rĂ©sultats obtenus sur plusieurs annĂ©es montre que les survies estivales de poissons Ă©levĂ©s en bacs circulaires sont nettement supĂ©rieures Ă  celles enregistrĂ©es sur des poissons Ă©levĂ©s dans des cages marines.Les rĂ©sultats obtenus sur chacun de ces facteurs sont discutĂ©s. On conclut que si les conditions estivales des cĂŽtes bretonnes, c’est-Ă -dire liĂ©es Ă  des tempĂ©ratures Ă©levĂ©es et de fortes insolations, sont une Ă©preuve trĂšs discriminante pour les saumons atlantiques, de nombreux autres facteurs peuvent influencer considĂ©rablement les performances : leur contrĂŽle devrait permettre, dans ces rĂ©gions, d’accroĂźtre la survie estivale chez cette espĂšce

    Guide pour la qualification des données hautes fréquences cÎtiÚres acquises dans le cadre de l'IR-ILICO et du SNO-COAST-HF.

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    French national observation "services" (SNO) are scientific research networks dedicated to the observation, collection and use of data. 9 of them are dedicated to the coastal ocean and are coordinated by the Coastal Research Infrastructure (IR-Ilico). Among them, there is the COAST-HF network (Coastal OceAn observing SysTem – High Frequency) which aims to bring together and coordinate a set of fixed high-frequency hydrological measurement platforms. The data acquired is used to monitor the evolution of coastal environments in the long term and detect the impact of extreme events (e.g. floods, storms, droughts, ecological crises). This data must be of optimal quality which must be controlled, evaluated and formalized.To contribute to this, 3 months of work was carried out from October to December 2022 (CDD) with the financial support of IR-ILICO. It aimed to implement the quality control tool Scoop 3 (System Of Control Oriented Oceanographic Parameters, Ifremer) in “routine” mode and apply it to standard SNO (Coast-HF-Iroise) datasets in order to test it and make it accessible to the entire network. Accessibility is ensured by this report which documents “step by step” the main stages of the validation process. This work aims to contribute to the definition and formalization of the network’s “Best Practices”.As a reminder, the data is collected by multi-parameter probes, and is sent and disseminated on various websites, including the coastal Coriolis portal. They are then checked and corrected if necessary, by expert validators, using other datasets available at the same measuring stations. This inter-comparison is essentially made with Somlit data (SNO-Service d’Observation en Milieu LITtoral), collected at low frequency, manually and analyzed in the laboratory.Specifically, three objectives were set (Fig. 1):(i) explore, test and document all websites with standard data (Iroise) in order to facilitate their use(ii) take charge of the SCOOP qualification tool and test it by qualifying the standard data (Iroise),(iii) correct the standard data (Iroise) using secondary data sets (Somlit, MĂ©tĂ©o France, etc.) and result in the establishment of the best available data for DOIsation.Les services nationaux d’observations (SNO) sont des rĂ©seaux de recherche scientifiques dĂ©diĂ©s Ă  l’observation, la collecte et la valorisation de donnĂ©es. 9 d’entre eux sont dĂ©diĂ©s Ă  l’ocĂ©an cĂŽtiers et sont coordonnĂ©s par l’Infrastructure de Recherche Littorale et CĂŽtiĂšre (IR-Ilico). Parmi eux, existe le rĂ©seau COAST-HF (Coastal OceAn observing SysTem – High Frequency) qui vise Ă  fĂ©dĂ©rer et coordonner un ensemble de plateformes fixes de mesures hydrologiques hautes frĂ©quences. Les donnĂ©es acquises sont utilisĂ©es pour suivre l’évolution des environnements littoraux Ă  long terme et dĂ©tecter l’impact des Ă©vĂšnement extrĂȘmes (e.g. crues, tempêtes, sécheresses, crises écologiques). Ces donnĂ©es se doivent de prĂ©senter une qualitĂ© optimale qu’il convient de maĂźtriser, d’évaluer et de formaliser. Pour y contribuer, un travail de 3 mois a Ă©tĂ© menĂ© d’octobre Ă  dĂ©cembre 2022 (CDD) avec le soutien financier de l’IR-ILICO. Il visait Ă  mettre en place l’outil de contrĂŽle qualitĂ© Scoop 3 (SystĂšme Of Control Oriented Oceanographic Parameters, Ifremer) en mode « routine » et Ă  l’appliquer sur des jeux de donnĂ©es-types du SNO (Coast-HF-Iroise) afin de l’éprouver et de le rendre accessible pour l’ensemble du rĂ©seau. L’accessibilitĂ© est assurĂ©e par le prĂ©sent compte-rendu qui documente « pas Ă  pas » les principales Ă©tapes du processus de validation. Ce travail a vocation Ă  contribuer Ă  la dĂ©finition et la formalisation des « Bonnes pratiques » du rĂ©seau.Pour rappel, les donnĂ©es sont recueillies par des sondes multi paramĂštres, et sont envoyĂ©es et diffusĂ©es sur diffĂ©rents sites web, dont le portail Coriolis cĂŽtier. Elles sont ensuite vĂ©rifiĂ©es et corrigĂ©es si nĂ©cessaire, par des experts-valideurs, au moyen d’autres jeux de donnĂ©es disponibles sur les mĂȘmes stations de mesure. Cette inter comparaison est faite essentiellement avec les donnĂ©es Somlit (SNO-Service d’Observation en Milieu LITtoral), collectĂ©es Ă  basse frĂ©quence, de façon manuelle et analysĂ©es en laboratoire.De façon prĂ©cise, trois objectifs ont Ă©tĂ© fixĂ©s (Fig. 1) : (i)explorer, tester et documenter l’ensemble des sites web disposant des donnĂ©es-type ( Iroise) afin d’en faciliter l’exploitation par un public large, (ii)prendre en main l’outil de qualification SCOOP et l’éprouver en opĂ©rant la qualification des donnĂ©es-type (Iroise), (iii)corriger les donnĂ©es-type (Iroise) grĂące aux jeux de donnĂ©es secondaires (Somlit, MĂ©tĂ©o France, etc.) et aboutir par la mise en base des donnĂ©es ajustĂ©es en vue de la DOIsation

    SOMLIT-Brest / MAREL-Iroise : des sĂ©ries d’observation physico-chimiques au service de la recherche scientifique

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    Les Ă©cosystĂšmes cĂŽtiers sont soumis Ă  de multiples forçages physiques et chimiques qui agissent Ă  des Ă©chelles de temps trĂšs diffĂ©rentes. Pour dĂ©crire et prĂ©dire l’impact de ces forçages sur les Ă©cosystĂšmes, il est impĂ©ratif de mesurer Ă  long terme les caractĂ©ristiques physiques, chimiques et biologiques des eaux cĂŽtiĂšres. Depuis plus de 15 ans, un partenariat rĂ©unit l’IUEM/UBO, l’IFREMER et l'INSU pour assurer le suivi rĂ©gulier et Ă  long terme de la physico-chimie des eaux cĂŽtiĂšres Ă  l’interface de la rade de Brest et de la mer d’Iroise (site de Ste Anne du Portzic, 48°21’60 N, 4°33’04 W ). Ce suivi repose sur une stratĂ©gie combinĂ©e de mesures Ă  basse frĂ©quence (sĂ©rie SOMLIT-Brest - Service d’Observation en Milieu LITtoral) et de mesures Ă  haute frĂ©quence (sĂ©rie MAREL-Iroise - Mesure AutomatisĂ©e en RĂ©seau de l’Environnement Littoral)

    La Bouée MOLIT : un nouveau concept de bouée instrumentée

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    La validitĂ© du concept de station de mesure haute-frĂ©quence Marel a Ă©tĂ© vĂ©rifiĂ© par le dĂ©ploiement d’un rĂ©seau constituĂ© de stations de type axisymĂ©trique (RĂ©seau Baie de Seine, BouĂ©e Iroise en rade de Brest). Le mouillage et le comportement de ces bouĂ©es en terme d’accessibilitĂ© et de maintenance est un handicap pour l’extension vers les zones plus exposĂ©es du large. La bouĂ©e MOLIT (Mer Ouverte LITtorale) constitue une rĂ©ponse technique et financiĂšre

    Pollack (Pollachius pollachius): Acquisition of biologic data in a breeding purpose

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    The fishing of pollack which concerns essentially, France, United Kingdom and Norway, and at a lower level Ireland and Denmark, is situated between 10 and 15000 tons a year. In 1996, France was the first producer of Pollack. Since 1980, a decrease of production is observed in Europe. In France, landing reached 3000t. in 1998 (Suquet, 2001). However, the demand remaining strong, aquaculture could be a solution to satisfy the deficit between the French production and the domestic demand

    National observation infrastructure: an example of a fixed-plateforms network along the French Coast: COAST HF

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    Since the eighties, several French organizations (Ifremer, CNRS, and marines universities) have joined their forces to operate the first high frequency automated network around France. Now days, 14 Instrumented platforms are in operation along the North Sea, the Atlantic and Mediterranean French coasts. Furthermore, this organization is now largely contributing to the French national Research Infrastructure named “I.R. ILICO”

    Large and local-scale influences on physical and chemical characteristics of coastal waters of Western Europe during winter

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    There is now a strong scientific consensus that coastal marine systems of Western Europe are highly sensitive to the combined effects of natural climate variability and anthropogenic climate change. However, it still remains challenging to assess the spatial and temporal scales at which climate influence operates. While large-scale hydro-climatic indices, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) or the East Atlantic Pattern (EAP) and the weather regimes such as the Atlantic Ridge (AR), are known to be relevant predictors of physical processes, changes in coastal waters can also be related to local hydro-meteorological and geochemical forcing. Here, we study the temporal variability of physical and chemical characteristics of coastal waters located at about 48°N over the period 1998-2013 using (1) sea surface temperature, (2) sea surface salinity and (3) nutrient concentration observations for two coastal sites located at the outlet of the Bay of Brest and off Roscoff, (4) river discharges of the major tributaries close to these two sites and (5) regional and local precipitation data over the region of interest. Focusing on the winter months, we characterize the physical and chemical variability of these coastal waters and document changes in both precipitation and river runoffs. Our study reveals that variability in coastal waters is connected to the large-scale North Atlantic atmospheric circulation but is also partly explained by local river influences. Indeed, while the NAO is strongly related to changes in sea surface temperature at the Brest and Roscoff sites, the EAP and the AR have a major influence on precipitations, which in turn modulate river discharges that impact sea surface salinity at the scale of the two coastal stations

    Cod (Gadus morhua) rearing attempts in France

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    Because of its rapid growth, its good reputation and the promising aquaculture experiences conducted in Norway and Scotland, cod is considered as a good candidate for cold water aquaculture. The aim of this paper is to present the work carried out in France since 1999: the selection of cod as a promising candidate for aquaculture and the assessment of its rearing performances in this environment
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