Therapeutic Effect of Folate and Cobalamin in Diabetics

Diabetes Mellitus type 2 is a metabolic ailment. It is a condition when insulin is produced by our body but, it is not used properly by us. The number of diabetic patients is increasing in the whole world. The problem of obesity is also very closely related to it, which itself is expanding. The individuals diagnosed with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus have high chance of microvascular problems (like nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy). They are also at the verge of facing macrovascular ailments (like cardiovascular comorbidities). This indicates that many antidiabetic agents should be administered in combination, to maintain normal sugar level in blood. The management for the patients suffering from diabetes should be effective and harmless for them. It should also improve the general well-being of the patients. So many remedies have been developed for the management of diabetes. Several of them are being developed. We should enhance insulin sensitivity to let our body use insulin effectively. We also must stop the increasing pancreatic β-cell failure which is a specific characteristic of Diabetes Mellitus type 2. The microvascular complications must also be avoided or revoked. Our direst need is to develop agents which may help us in achieving goals mentioned earlier. Many micronutrients are involved in combating the Diabetes Mellitus and complication associated to the malady. These micronutrients are vitamins. Our main focus in this chapter are Vitamins B9 (Folate) and B12 (Cobalamin). Many researches have shown that the said parameters were decreased in patients suffering from Diabetes Mellitus. The level of these two vitamins should be maintained to the normal level and not toward the border line. The maintained level of these vitamins will help in controlling the main problems in patients suffering from Diabetes Mellitus like neuropathy, anemia and many others. By taking these vitamins along with other preventive measures, Diabetes Mellitus can be controlled and can be less dangerous

Molecular analysis of immunoglobulins related to Salmonella typhi in pediatric patients

Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella enterica serotype typhi. It is of major concern in tropical regions of the world. Highest episodes of typhoid fever occur in Asia i.e.93%. Early diagnosis of the disease is mandatory to lower the mortality rate associated with it as well as to prevent the emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance by Salmonella typhi. Research work was conducted in Immunology Department of the Children’s Hospital, Lahore for the period of one year including a total of 60 patients suspected of having typhoid fever. Serum samples of these patients were tested for typhidot IgG and IgM antibodies as well as for the antibodies against TO and TH antigens using Widal test. Of the total 60 patients, 10 (16.7%) were positive for both typhidot IgG and IgM, 16 (26.7%) were positive for typhidot IgM, 3 (5%) were Positive for typhidot IgG and 31 (51.66%) were negative for both typhidot IgG and IgM. Reading the results of Widal test, 8 (13.33%) were positive for Widal TO and TH antigens, 3 (5%) were positive for Widal TO antigen, 19 (31.7%) were positive for Widal TH antigen and 30 (50%) were negative for Widal TO and TH antigens. IgM is positive at the early stage of acute typhoid fever, IgM along with IgG positive means the middle stage of acute illness. The detection of only IgG cannot discriminate between acute and convalescent phases as it can stay in the serum for at least 2 years or more. The typhidot test is much helpful for the rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever as compared to Widal test which is still being used in some set ups in poor countries, although has become mostly obsolete. By testing the rise of IgM and IgG antibodies against Salmonella typhi, we can detect the infection at early and late stages, respectivel

A Review based on Active Research Areas in Mining Software Bug Repositories: Limitations and Possible Future Trends

Introduction/ Importance of Study: Bug repository mining is a crucial research area in software engineering, analyzing software change trends, defect prediction, and evolution. It involves developing methods and tools for mining repositories, providing essential data for bug management. Objective: The goal of this study is to analyze and synthesize recent trends in mining software bug repositories, providing valuable insights for future research and practical bug management. Novelty statement: Our research contributes novel insights into mining software repository techniques and approaches employed in specific tasks such as bug localization, triaging, and prediction, along with their limitations and possible future trends. Material and Method: This study presents a comprehensive survey that categorizes and synthesizes the current research within this field. This categorization is derived from an in-depth review of studies conducted over the past fifteen years, from 2010 to 2024. The survey is organized around three key dimensions: the test systems employed in bug repositories, the methodologies commonly used in this area of research, and the prevailing trends shaping the field. Results and Discussion: Our results highlight the significance of artificial intelligence and machine learning integration in bug repository mining; that has revolutionized software development process by enhancing classification, prediction and vulnerability detection of bugs. Concluding Remarks: This survey aims to provide a clear and detailed understanding of the evolution of bug repository mining, offering valuable insights for ongoing advancement of software engineering

A Review based on Active Research Areas in Mining Software Bug Repositories: Limitations and Possible Future Trends

Introduction/ Importance of Study: Bug repository mining is a crucial research area in software engineering, analyzing software change trends, defect prediction, and evolution. It involves developing methods and tools for mining repositories, providing essential data for bug management. Objective: The goal of this study is to analyze and synthesize recent trends in mining software bug repositories, providing valuable insights for future research and practical bug management. Novelty statement: Our research contributes novel insights into mining software repository techniques and approaches employed in specific tasks such as bug localization, triaging, and prediction, along with their limitations and possible future trends. Material and Method: This study presents a comprehensive survey that categorizes and synthesizes the current research within this field. This categorization is derived from an in-depth review of studies conducted over the past fifteen years, from 2010 to 2024. The survey is organized around three key dimensions: the test systems employed in bug repositories, the methodologies commonly used in this area of research, and the prevailing trends shaping the field. Results and Discussion: Our results highlight the significance of artificial intelligence and machine learning integration in bug repository mining; that has revolutionized software development process by enhancing classification, prediction and vulnerability detection of bugs. Concluding Remarks: This survey aims to provide a clear and detailed understanding of the evolution of bug repository mining, offering valuable insights for ongoing advancement of software engineering