Global, regional, and national sex-specific burden and control of the HIV epidemic, 1990-2019, for 204 countries and territories: the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019

Background: The sustainable development goals (SDGs) aim to end HIV/AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. Understanding the current state of the HIV epidemic and its change over time is essential to this effort. This study assesses the current sex-specific HIV burden in 204 countries and territories and measures progress in the control of the epidemic. Methods: To estimate age-specific and sex-specific trends in 48 of 204 countries, we extended the Estimation and Projection Package Age-Sex Model to also implement the spectrum paediatric model. We used this model in cases where age and sex specific HIV-seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care-clinic sentinel surveillance data were available. For the remaining 156 of 204 locations, we developed a cohort-incidence bias adjustment to derive incidence as a function of cause-of-death data from vital registration systems. The incidence was input to a custom Spectrum model. To assess progress, we measured the percentage change in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 (threshold >75% decline), the ratio of incident cases to number of people living with HIV (incidence-to-prevalence ratio threshold <0·03), and the ratio of incident cases to deaths (incidence-to-mortality ratio threshold <1·0). Findings: In 2019, there were 36·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 35·1–38·9) people living with HIV worldwide. There were 0·84 males (95% UI 0·78–0·91) per female living with HIV in 2019, 0·99 male infections (0·91–1·10) for every female infection, and 1·02 male deaths (0·95–1·10) per female death. Global progress in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 was driven by sub-Saharan Africa (with a 28·52% decrease in incident cases, 95% UI 19·58–35·43, and a 39·66% decrease in deaths, 36·49–42·36). Elsewhere, the incidence remained stable or increased, whereas deaths generally decreased. In 2019, the global incidence-to-prevalence ratio was 0·05 (95% UI 0·05–0·06) and the global incidence-to-mortality ratio was 1·94 (1·76–2·12). No regions met suggested thresholds for progress. Interpretation: Sub-Saharan Africa had both the highest HIV burden and the greatest progress between 1990 and 2019. The number of incident cases and deaths in males and females approached parity in 2019, although there remained more females with HIV than males with HIV. Globally, the HIV epidemic is far from the UNAIDS benchmarks on progress metrics. Funding: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the National Institute of Mental Health of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the National Institute on Aging of the NIH

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Electrophoretic Deposition Kinetics and Characterization of Ni-La1.95Ca0.05Zr2O7-delta Particulate Thin Films

Suspensions of NiO-La1.95Ca0.05Zr2O7-delta (NiO-LCZ) composite material have been prepared in isopropanol medium using iodine and acetylacetone as dispersants. The effect of iodine concentration on suspension stability, electrical conductivity, and suspension pH are studied in detail to optimize the suspension chemistry. Electrophoretic deposition has been successfully conducted on conducting substrate (steel plate) to fabricate NiO-LCZ thin particulate films. Deposition kinetics have been studied in detail to optimize the process parameters. Good quality particulate films of such composite on steel plates are obtained at an applied voltage of 60 V for 3 min. The optimized suspension chemistry and process parameters thus obtained are then used to fabricate NiO-LCZ composite films onto nonconducting porous ceramic substrate by placing a conducting plate at the reverse side of the porous substrate. The deposited films along with the ceramic substrates are co-fired at 1400 degrees C for 6 h in reducing atmosphere (5% hydrogen in argon) to produce a good quality dense Ni-LCZ film of thickness similar to 40 mu m. The hydrogen permeation flux of the developed cermet membrane has been measured and it reveals that NiLCZ could be used as a potential membrane for hydrogen separation at high temperature

Chemical Stability and Electrical Conductivity of Ba0.8Ce0.85-xZrxTb0.15O3-delta Proton Conductors with ZnO as Sintering Aid

The chemical stability of Ba0.8Ce0.85-xZrxTb0.15O3-delta (0.1 0.3. The stable sintered material is obtained with total electrical conductivity of 0.0189 S.cm(-1) for the composition Ba0.8Ce0.35Zr0.5Tb0.15O3-delta in moist reducing atmosphere at 900 degrees C. So, in the present work, we report a composition which shows excellent stability in pure CO2 atmosphere at high temperature without much compromising its ionic conductivity

Oxygen separation membrane derived from aquatic weed: A novel bio-inspired approach to synthesize BaBi0.2Co0.35Fe0.45O3-delta perovskite from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

In recent years, bio-inspired synthesis processes have drawn increasing research interest as a new tool for designing next generation advanced functional materials with unparalleled advantages. Bio-inspired process offers unique microstructures which are difficult to engineer through conventional synthesis methodologies. The present study aims to develop a bio-templating process of synthesizing BaBi0.2Co0.35Fe0.45O3-delta (BBCF) perovskite type oxygen separation membrane mimicking the interior of water hyacinth's (Eichhornia crassipes) petioles. In Indian sub-continent water hyacinth is considered as one of the worst aquatic weed whose removal is necessary from natural water reservoir to save aquatic environment. The idea of using such water pollutant to produce engineered microstructure for improving material's functionality is the philosophy behind the present study. The exo-templating of water hyacinth results in interesting microstructure and enhanced the physical properties of BBCF membrane in terms of oxygen permeation flux. The novel, simple method may be extended to produce any multifunctional advanced material with a spectacular microstructure and unique properties. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Synthesis of BaBi0.2Co0.Fe-35(0).O-45(3-delta) by a novel aqueous soft chemical method and its characterizations

BaBi0.Co-2(0).Fe-35(0).O-45(3-delta)(BBCF) single phase perovskite has been successfully synthesized by a novel alanine assisted soft chemical combustion method. Thermal behavior of metal alanine complexes during combustion to form BBCF perovskite structure has been studied in detail. X- ray diffraction patterns reveal that the formation of single phase BBCF perovskite proceeds by formation of several intermediate phases. A single phase BBCF powder is obtained at a temperature of 950 degrees C. Homogeneous distribution of multiple dopants in BBCF matrix is confirmed by elemental mapping using FESEM. The electrical conductivity reveals that with the increase in sintering temperature, conductivity of BBCF increases, reaches to a maximum value of 10.38 S cm 1 at 800 degrees C when measured in air for samples sintered at 950 degrees C and upon further increase in sintering temperature, the conductivity decreases gradually. Up to 800 degrees C, BBCF shows a semiconducting behavior and subsequently follows metallic conduction above 800 degrees C while performing electrical conductivity measurement in air. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Low temperature synthesis of nanocrystalline scandia-stabilized zirconia by aqueous combustion method and its characterizations

Zirconia stabilized with 11 mol% scandia (11ScSZ) has been successfully synthesized by novel alanine-assisted soft chemical aqueous combustion method. The reaction kinetics during combustion synthesis has been studied in detail by analysing thermal behaviour of different metal-alanine complexes. A single phase 11ScSZ powder is achieved at significantly low calcination temperature of 500(a similar to)C. Field emission scanning electron micrograph reveals an agglomerated morphology with particle size ranging from 80 to 100 nm. The thermal expansion coefficient is found to be 11.03 x 10(-6) C-a similar to(-1) in the temperature range between room temperature and 1000(a similar to)C. Optical bandgap of 5.19 eV has been determined using UV-Vis spectroscopy and results are compared with the help of theoretical density of states. The total electrical conductivity of sintered pellet is found to be 7.3 x 10(-3) S cm(-1) at 700(a similar to)C as measured by impedance spectroscopy

Filter paper derived cross-linked interconnected BaBi0.2Co0.35Fe0.45O3-delta morphology with an enhanced oxygen permeation property

This study aims to investigate the effect of an engineered microstructure on the oxygen permeation property of a BaBi0.2Co0.35Fe0.45O3-delta (BBCF) type perovskite membrane. The interconnected multi-level cross-linked structure of the BBCF membrane has been synthesized by mimicking a common laboratory grade filter paper. The controlled calcination of the cellulose matrix results in a single phase BBCF structure when calcined at 950 degrees C in air. The average diameter of the interconnected BBCF fiber is about 1 mu m as confirmed by FESEM. The electrical conductivity is measured to be similar to 20 S cm(-1) at 800 degrees C, higher than that of other conventionally prepared BBCF based membranes. The perovskite membrane derived by exo-templating of the filter paper's cellulose fiber reveals an enhanced oxygen permeation flux of 0.98 ml min (1) cm (2) at 900 degrees C