EVOLUTION OF CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS: A REVIEW

Oral contraceptives are widely used hormonal contraceptives compared to other dosage forms. There are modifications of hormonal contraceptives dosage forms to reduce side effects and improve effectivity and compliance during contraceptive usage. The implantable drug delivery system is a suitable contraception technique for women who are difficult to recall the time of use, such as pills. The contraceptive implant is a small size of rod, and it is placed in the upper arm subcutaneously. Many advantages by using contraceptive implants, such as high effectivity, easy to use, free from estrogen influences, fast recovery of the normal ovulatory cycle, safe for breastfeeding women, and safer for women that have the certain medical condition. However, implant removal procedures are becoming the problem because it requires trained personnel. The unscheduled period is also one of the disadvantages of implants. Although for most women, the implant could reduce blood loss when the period, for some cases it could prolong the period of time. In this article, we reviewed implant contraceptives development due to its application increased rapidly in the last decade. The history of implants, advantages, and disadvantages, and marketed products of the implant were also described in this article. The challenges and opportunities of the contraceptive implant development were summarized based on literature. Designing in situ forming implant and polymeric implant for contraception could be the great future in contraceptive implant development. Finally, contraceptive implants are promising hormonal contraception dosage forms to develop in unintended pregnancies prevention over the world

WOUND-HEALING TEST OF PIPER BETLE LEAF EXTRACT AND ALOE VERA IN GEL PREPARATION

Objective: Burns are skin injuries primarily caused by heat, or due to electricity, chemicals, friction, radiation or fire. It is known that Piper betle and Aloe vera are able to accelerate the healing process of burns. The aim of this research was to evaluate the burn-healing activity of a Piper betle L. and Aloe vera combination in a gel preparation.Methods: Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) at various concentration was used in the formulation of gel. The formulation of the gel was evaluated for an organoleptic observation, measurement of pH, viscosity, and stability test. A burn-healing evaluation was performed in vivo by making a wound with a hot plate on a wistar rat male. Then 600 mg of gel was applied to the wound. After that, the presence of erythema, eschar, edema, and the extent of the burns were observed for 15 d after gel administration.Results: The results showed that the best formulation of gel consisted of 2 % w/w of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) 1.1 % w/w of Aloe vera extract, and 3 % w/w of Piper betle extract. The gel preparation of Piper betle and Aloe vera extract could accelerate burn healing, where the healing percentage on the 9th d (53+1.3 %) is higher than the control (21+1.2%) as well as the erythema and eschar, which is lower than the control.Conclusion: The gel preparation of the Piper betle and Aloe vera extract consisting of 2 % w/w, CMC 1.1 % w/w of Aloe vera extract, and 3 % w/w of Piper betle L. extract can accelerate burn healing.Â

SOLID DOSAGE FORM DEVELOPMENT OF GLIBENCLAMIDE WITH INCREASING THE SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION RATE USING COCRYSTALLIZATION

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a solid dosage form of glibenclamide with increasing the solubility properties of glibenclamide with cocrystallization method.Methods: Virtual screening was performed to investigate the interaction between glibenclamide and a co-former. Saccharin, the selected co-former, then co-crystallized with glibenclamide with equimolar ratios of 1:1 and 1:2 using the solvent evaporation method. Further characterization was performed using an infra-red (IR) spectrophotometer, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD).Results: Co-crystals of 1:2 equimolar ratio were more highly soluble compared to pure glibenclamide (30-fold for 12 h and 24-fold for 24 h). The dissolution rate had also increased from 46.838% of pure glibenclamide to 77.655% of glibenclamide co-crystal in 60 min. There was no chemical reaction observed during the co-crystallization process based on the IR spectrum. However, there was a new peak in the X-Ray diffractogram and a reduction of melting point in the DSC curve, indicating the formation of co-crystals.Conclusion: The optimal co-crystal ratio of glibenclamide-saccharin was found to be 1:2, which was successful in improving the solubility of glibenclamide