Spot electricity market design for a power system characterized by high penetration of renewable energy generation

The continuous growth of renewable generation in power systems brings serious challenges to electricity markets due to their characteristics different from conventional generation technologies. These challenges come from two dimensions, including short-term (energy and ancillary service markets) and long-term (long-term bilateral and capacity markets) aspects. Under this background, the design of energy and ancillary service markets is studied for power systems with a high penetration level of variable renewable generation. In the proposed spot market mechanism, energy and frequency regulation service (FRS) bids are jointly cleared, where renewable generators are motivated to proactively manage the intermittency and uncertainty of their power outputs. The proposed market mechanism can also ensure the adequacy of FRS capacity for compensating variability of renewables. Besides, in order to ensure the execution of spot market clearing outcomes, this paper established a penalty scheme for mitigating the real-time fluctuations of renewable generation outputs in the spot market. Differences between real-time generation outputs and market clearing outcomes are managed within a certain limit by imposing the designed penalty prices on deviations. Finally, the feasibility and efficiency of the developed market mechanism and algorithms are manifested in the case studies

An Electricity Spot Market Mechanism for Hybrid Bidding of Fossil-fueled and Renewable Generators

Due to the problems of climate change and global warming, severe air pollution and energy security, there has been a stable growth of renewable energy integration into power systems during the past decades. This brings significant challenges to both short-term (electricity spot markets) and long-term (long-term bilateral and capacity markets) electricity markets. Against this background, the joint energy and ancillary service electricity market is studied in this paper for power systems with a high penetration level of variable renewable generation. In the proposed spot market mechanism, energy and frequency regulation service (FRS) bids are jointly cleared, where renewable generators are motivated to proactively manage the intermittency and uncertainty of their power outputs. Meanwhile, the proposed market mechanism can also ensure the adequacy of FRS capacity for compensating variability of renewables. Finally, numerical experiments are conducted to validate the proposed market mechanism and algorithms

Smart meter data based penalty mechanism for peer-to-peer transaction deviation in electricity distribution market

With the rapid development of distributed generation (DG), in order to enhance the accommodation capability for DG in distribution system, the establishment of corresponding electricity distribution market mechanism, especially the peer-to-peer (P2P) distributed electricity transaction method, has become a hot topic in both the industry and academia in recent years. Firstly, a survey of existing P2P transaction mechanisms in electricity distribution markets is carried out. Considering the poor controllability of DG power output caused by its uncertainty and intermittency, there is a problem of how to ensure the accurate execution of transaction outcomes in the electricity distribution market. Secondly, this paper proposes a penalty method for P2P transaction deviation in electricity distribution market using smart meter data. This method restricts the variation range of the maximum deviated power, accumulated deviated mileage, and accumulated deviated energy of real-time electricity load and generation power. Under the proposed penalty mechanism, the real-time deviation of load power and generation power can be controlled within the expected range by setting the penalty price properly. Finally, case studies are carried out to verify the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed penalty mechanism

Inhibition of defect-induced α-to-δ phase transition for efficient and stable formamidinium perovskite solar cells

Abstract Defects passivation is widely devoted to improving the performance of formamidinium lead triiodide perovskite solar cells; however, the effect of various defects on the α-phase stability is still unclear. Here, using density functional theory, we first reveal the degradation pathway of the formamidinium lead triiodide perovskite from α to δ phase and investigate the effect of various defects on the energy barrier of phase transition. The simulation results predict that iodine vacancies are most likely to trigger the degradation, since they obviously reduce the energy barrier of α-to-δ phase transition and have the lowest formation energies at the perovskite surface. A water-insoluble lead oxalate compact layer is introduced on the perovskite surface to largely suppress the α-phase collapse through hindering the iodine migration and volatilization. Furthermore, this strategy largely reduces the interfacial nonradiative recombination and boosts the efficiency of the solar cells to 25.39% (certified 24.92%). Unpackaged device can maintain 92% of its initial efficiency after operation at maximum power point under simulated air mass 1.5 G irradiation for 550 h

Surgery or radiotherapy for the treatment of bone hydatid disease: a retrospective case series

Background: Currently, there is no accepted treatment for inoperable bone hydatid disease where medical treatment has proved ineffective. Alternative treatment strategies are therefore urgently needed. Radiotherapy may constitute a treatment option, but there is currently a lack of adequate evidence. This study sought to retrospectively assess the efficacy and safety of surgery or radiotherapy in the treatment of bone hydatid disease in patients attending a single hospital in China. Methods: This was a retrospective case series analyzing clinical data from consecutive patients treated between January 2000 and December 2011. Patients with an Echinococcus sp infection were counselled about their disease and the potential treatment options, and made an informed decision between surgery and radiotherapy. All patients were followed up. The treatment outcome was observed in the two treatment groups based on the frequencies of relapse and complications, and self-evaluated patient satisfaction. Results: Of 40 patients (age range 25–57 years), 24 opted for surgery and 16 for radiotherapy. Relapse occurred in 14 patients (58%) post-surgery and in three patients (21%) post-radiotherapy. Bone defects, limb movement disorders, and pain were reported in seven patients (29%) post-surgery, while two patients (13%) reported hardening of the irradiated region or a limb after radiotherapy. Titres of parasite-specific antibodies decreased significantly after radiotherapy but not after surgical intervention. Patient satisfaction was significantly higher in the radiotherapy group. Conclusion: This retrospective case series describes, for the first time, the clinical outcomes in a series of patients treated with radiotherapy for bone hydatid disease. Although no direct comparison between the treatment groups could be made due to methodological limitations of the study design, this study indicates that well-designed prospective randomized controlled clinical trials assessing radiotherapy may be warranted in patients with inoperable hydatid disease of the bones

Guest Editorial: Enhancing hosting capability for renewable energy generation in active distribution networks

Driven by the accelerating deployment of distributed energy resources (DERs), advanced information and communications technologies (ICTs), and demand-side response (DR), modern power systems have been transforming from a one-way energy supply chain to a two-way energy system. The continuous integration of DERs into a low-voltage distribution network brings profound challenges to its secure and economic operation, including technical issues with protection placement and coordination, voltage and power violation, power quality, and energy losses. To overcome these challenges, tremendous endeavours have been devoted to enhancing the accommodation capability for renewables in distribution networks. In addition, DERs, including both generation and storage resources, are gaining increasing attention to support the operation of bulk power grids by providing ancillary services, particularly in frequency regulation. To help researchers and engineers have a better overview of the state-of-the-art on the accommodation of renewables in power distribution networks, this special issue solicits original and novel research on enhancing hosting capability for renewable energy generation in active distribution networks. After undergoing a thorough peer review process, eleven papers were finally accepted on topic areas of operation and planning of distribution networks, modelling of DERs, virtual power plants, electricity market design, and demand-side management. A brief discussion of the authors' contributions is presented as follows

Cerebral furin deficiency causes hydrocephalus in mice

Furin is a pro-protein convertase that moves between the trans-Golgi network and cell surface in the secretory pathway. We have previously reported that cerebral overexpression of furin promotes cognitive functions in mice. Here, by generating the brain-specific furin conditional knockout (cKO) mice, we investigated the role of furin in brain development. We found that furin deficiency caused early death and growth retardation. Magnetic resonance imaging showed severe hydrocephalus. In the brain of furin cKO mice, impaired ciliogenesis and the derangement of microtubule structures appeared along with the down-regulated expression of RAB28, a ciliary vesicle protein. In line with the widespread neuronal loss, ependymal cell layers were damaged. Further proteomics analysis revealed that cell adhesion molecules including astrocyte-enriched ITGB8 and BCAR1 were altered in furin cKO mice; and astrocyte overgrowth was accompanied by the reduced expression of SOX9, indicating a disrupted differentiation into ependymal cells. Together, whereas alteration of RAB28 expression correlated with the role of vesicle trafficking in ciliogenesis, dysfunctional astrocytes might be involved in ependymal damage contributing to hydrocephalus in furin cKO mice. The structural and molecular alterations provided a clue for further studying the potential mechanisms of furin

Additional file 1 of Astragaloside IV-PESV inhibits prostate cancer tumor growth by restoring gut microbiota and microbial metabolic homeostasis via the AGE-RAGE pathway

Supplementary Figure S1: Astragaloside IV combined with PESV could treat PCa by intervening in gut microbiota composition and metabolite by targeting AGE-RAG

Data-driven assisted real-time optimal control strategy of submerged arc furnace via intelligent energy terminals considering large-scale renewable energy utilization

Abstract This study presents a data-driven assisted real-time optimization model which is an innovative approach to address the challenges posed by integrating Submerged Arc Furnace (SAF) systems with renewable energy sources, specifically photovoltaic (PV) and wind power, with modern intelligent energy terminals. Specifically, the proposed method is divided into two stages. The first stage is related to data-driven prediction for addressing local time-varying renewable energy and electricity market prices with predicted information, and the second stage uses an optimization model for real-time SAF dispatch. Connections between intelligent energy terminals, demand-side devices, and load management systems are established to enhance local renewable resource utilization. Additionally, mathematical formulations of the operating resistance in SAF are explored, and deep neuron networks are employed and modified for dynamic uncertainty prediction. The proposed approach is validated through a case study involving an intelligent energy terminal with a 12.5 MVA SAF system and 12 MW capacity renewable generators in an electricity market with fluctuating prices. The findings of this research underscore the efficacy of the proposed optimization model in reducing operational costs and enhancing the utilization of localized renewable energy generation. By integrating four distinct dissatisfaction coefficients into the optimization framework, we demonstrate the model's adaptability and efficiency. The application of the optimization strategy delineated herein results in the SAF system's profitability oscillating between $111 and$416 across various time intervals, contingent upon the coefficient settings. Remarkably, an aggregate daily loss recovery amounting to $1,906.84 can be realized during the optimization period. Such outcomes not only signify considerable economic advantages but also contribute to grid stability and the diminution of renewable energy curtailment, thereby underscoring the dual benefits of economic efficiency and sustainability in energy management practices