Research progress in executive dysfunction among adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescents has gradually become a mental and psychological problem around the world. Globally, the detection rate of NSSI is yearly increasing, and the detection group is also becoming younger. Different from the previous traditional views, NSSI not only exists in the people with affective disorders or psychotic disorders, but may also be present in the people with conduct disorders, substance use disorders, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Its characteristics and neurophysiological mechanisms are also different from pure suicidal behavior and ideation. Adolescents with NSSI often have difficulties and problems in academic performance and social interaction, and these problems are often related to executive dysfunction. There are many components of executive functions, and the impairment of different components indicates that the individual has corresponding dysfunction. Recent research has found that executive dysfunction, including impairments of attention, working memory, and inhibition, is associated with the occurrence of NSSI, and even indicates the occurrence of NSSI in the future. In addition, more and more studies have also confirmed that compared with the normal group, there are differences in brain functions and structures in the NSSI group. In these studies, some researchers have applied executive function-related paradigms and obtained the evidence in task-functional MRI and neuroelectrophysiology. This article reviews the research on executive dysfunction and its neural mechanisms in adolescents with NSSI in recent years

Relationship between polymorphic interaction of glutamate pathway genes and anhedonia

Objective·To explore the association between gene-gene interaction of glutamate pathway and anhedonia.Methods·A total of 279 patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and 236 patients with major depression disorder (MDD) recruited in the outpatient department and ward of Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and 236 healthy controls (HC) recruited in the community from January 2017 to August 2020 were included in the study. General demographic data and clinical characteristics of the three groups were collected and compared. The Chinese version of Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) was used to evaluate the pleasure experience ability of the three groups. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) method was used to establish the interaction model of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in glutamate pathway genes (NOS1AP, GSK3β, DAOA, DISC1 and GRIN2A). According to the interaction model, SZ and MDD patients were divided into high-risk group and low-risk group, and the differences in pleasure experience ability were compared between the two groups, so as to analyze the effect of gene-gene interaction on anhedonia.Results·There were significant differences in age and years of education among the three groups, and in age of onset and duration of illness between SZ and MDD groups (all P=0.000). There were significant differences among the three groups of participants in terms of overall pleasure experience, anticipatory pleasure experience and consummatory pleasure experience (all P=0.000); the overall pleasure experience, anticipatory pleasure experience and consummatory pleasure experience in the SZ and MDD group were lower than those in the HC group (all Pcorr=0.000), and there was marginal statistical difference in anticipatory pleasure experience between the SZ and MDD groups (Pcorr=0.051). Through GMDR modeling, it was found that the 2-loci interaction model composed of DAOA-rs3916965 and DISC1-rs821577 had a predictive effect on the overall pleasure experience ability of SZ patients (P=0.003), and the 2-loci interaction model composed of NOS1AP-rs1858232 and GRIN2A-rs1014531 had a predictive effect on the anticipatory pleasure experience ability of MDD patients (P=0.037); moreover, the overall pleasure experience ability of patients in the SZ high-risk group and anticipatory pleasure experience ability of patients in MDD high-risk groups were lower than those in their low-risk groups (t=3.443, P=0.000; t=3.471, P=0.001).Conclusion·The interaction of glutamate pathway gene polymorphisms may be involved in the occurrence of anhedonia

Genetic Association of Olanzapine Treatment Response in Han Chinese Schizophrenia Patients

Olanzapine, a second-generation antipsychotic medication, plays a critical role in current treatment of schizophrenia (SCZ). It has been observed that the olanzapine responses in schizophrenia treatment are different across individuals. However, prediction of this individual-specific olanzapine response requires in-depth knowledge of biomarkers of drug response. Here, we performed an integrative investigation on 238 Han Chinese SCZ patients to identify predictive biomarkers that were associated with the efficacy of olanzapine treatment. This study applied HaloPlex technology to sequence 143 genes from 79 Han Chinese SCZ patients. Our result suggested that there were 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) had significant association with olanzapine response in Han Chinese SCZ patients. Using MassARRAY platform, we tested that if these 12 SNPs were also statistically significant in 159 other SCZ patients (independent cohort) and the combined 238 SCZ patients (composed of two tested cohorts). The result of this analysis showed that 2 SNPs were significantly associated with the olanzapine response in both independent cohorts (rs324026, P = 0.023; rs12610827, P = 0.043) and combined SCZ patient population (rs324026, adjust P = 0.014; rs12610827, adjust P = 0.012). Our study provides systematic analyses of genetic variants associated with olanzapine responses of Han Chinese SCZ patients. The discovery of these novel biomarkers of olanzapine-response will facilitate to advance future olanzapine treatment specific for Han Chinese SCZ patients

Effect of blood flow-restrictive resistance training on metabolic disorder and body composition in older adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled study

IntroductionTo explore whether blood flow-restrictive resistance exercise (BFRE) can be used as an alternative strategy to moderate-intensity resistance training (RT) to improve metabolic disorder and body composition in older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).MethodsThis is a single-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Ninety-eight older adults with T2DM were randomly divided into three groups: BFRE group (n = 34), RT group (n = 31) and control group (n = 33). Two exercise groups received supervised collective training for a period of six months, each lasting 50 min, three times a week. The primary outcomes included fasting plasma glucose (FPG), Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), blood lipids, blood pressure, and body composition. The secondary outcome was muscle performance.ResultsAfter six months of intervention, the FPG, HbA1c, blood lipids, diastolic blood pressure, body composition, and muscle performance of the two exercise groups were significantly improved relative to the control group and baseline measurements (P < 0.05). There was no significant increase in lean mass between the two exercise groups compared to the control group and baseline (p > 0.05). There was no significant decrease in systolic blood pressure between the two exercise groups compared to the control group (p > 0.05), but it was significantly lower than their baseline (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in all indicators between the two exercise groups at the baseline, third and sixth months of intervention (p > 0.05).DiscussionBFRE can safely and effectively improve the metabolic disorder and body composition of older adults with T2DM. For elderly exercise beginners, BFRE can be used as an alternative strategy to moderate-intensity resistance training.Clinical trial registrationhttps://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=178886, identifier ChiCTR2300074357

Distributed rateless coded collaboration for satellite relay networks

In this paper, we propose a new distributed rateless coded collaboration, named DRCC, for packet transmission in an energy-limited satellite relay network. The rateless degree distributions on primary and secondary links are analyzed by AND-OR tree technique. Linear programming and multi-objective programming are both formulated to find the optimal solutions to minimize decoding error probability under various link conditions. At last, the simulation results demonstrate that our proposed DRCC scheme outperforms existing distributed rateless coding schemes with significantly better performances about packet error rate and system throughput for satellite networks

Incorporating External Effects into Project Sustainability Assessments: The Case of a Green Campus Initiative Based on a Solar PV System

We demonstrated that a green campus initiative can reduce the carbon footprint of a university and improve the disaster resilience of the local community. A project sustainability assessment framework was structured to support the initiative. First, an on-campus solar photovoltaic (PV) system was designed. The project performance in terms of financial cost and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions was assessed using life cycle cost analysis (LCC) and a life cycle assessment (LCA), respectively. Then, we explored the incorporation of positive social impacts on the local community in the context of natural disaster-prone Japan. Indicators for improving the disaster resilience of the residents were defined based on the Sendai Framework. Our results showed that the proposed solar PV system could provide an electricity self-sufficiency rate of 31% for the campus. Greenhouse gas emissions of 0.0811 kg CO2-eq/kWh would decrease the annual emissions from campus electricity use by 27%. Considering the substituted daytime electricity purchase, a payback period of 12.9 years was achievable. This solar PV system could serve as an emergency power source to 4666–8454 nearby residents and 8532 smart city residents. This external effect would encourage stakeholders like local government and developers to participate in the project

Distributed rateless coded collaboration for satellite relay networks

In this paper, we propose a new distributed rateless coded collaboration, named DRCC, for packet transmission in an energy-limited satellite relay network. The rateless degree distributions on primary and secondary links are analyzed by AND-OR tree technique. Linear programming and multi-objective programming are both formulated to find the optimal solutions to minimize decoding error probability under various link conditions. At last, the simulation results demonstrate that our proposed DRCC scheme outperforms existing distributed rateless coding schemes with significantly better performances about packet error rate and system throughput for satellite networks

Distributed Rateless Codes with Unequal Error Protection Property for Space Information Networks

In this paper, we propose a novel distributed unequal error protection (UEP) rateless coding scheme (DURC) for space information networks (SIN). We consider the multimedia data transmissions in a dual-hop SIN communication scenario, where multiple disjoint source nodes need to transmit their UEP rateless coded data to a destination via a dynamic relay. We formulate the optimization problems to provide optimal degree distributions on the direct links and the dynamic relay links to satisfy the required error protection levels. The optimization methods are based on the And–Or tree analysis and can be solved by multi-objective programming. In addition, we evaluate the performance of the optimal DURC scheme, and simulation results show that the proposed DURC scheme can effectively provide UEP property under a variety of error requirements