Wideband Beamforming for STAR-RIS-assisted THz Communications with Three-Side Beam Split

In this paper, we consider the simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS)-assisted THz communications with three-side beam split. Except for the beam split at the base station (BS), we analyze the double-side beam split at the STAR-RIS for the first time. To relieve the double-side beam split effect, we propose a time delayer (TD)-based fully-connected structure at the STAR-RIS. As a further advance, a low-hardware complexity and low-power consumption sub-connected structure is developed, where multiple STAR-RIS elements share one TD. Meanwhile, considering the practical scenario, we investigate a multi-STAR-RIS and multi-user communication system, and a sum rate maximization problem is formulated by jointly optimizing the hybrid analog/digital beamforming, time delays at the BS as well as the double-layer phase-shift coefficients, time delays and amplitude coefficients at the STAR-RISs. Based on this, we first allocate users for each STAR-RIS, and then derive the analog beamforming, time delays at the BS, and the double-layer phase-shift coefficients, time delays at each STAR-RIS. Next, we develop an alternative optimization algorithm to calculate the digital beamforming at the BS and amplitude coefficients at the STAR-RISs. Finally, the numerical results verify the effectiveness of the proposed schemes

Alterations in urinary microbiota composition in urolithiasis patients: insights from 16S rRNA gene sequencing

ObjectivesTo investigate the urinary microbiota composition in urolithiasis patients compared to healthy controls and to identify potential microbial markers and their association with clinical parameters.MethodsA total of 66 samples, comprising 45 from urolithiasis patients and 21 from healthy controls, were analyzed. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was employed to determine the microbiota composition. Various statistical and bioinformatics tools, including ANOVA, PCoA, and LEfSe, were utilized to analyze the sequencing data and identify significant differences in microbial abundance.ResultsNo significant demographic differences were observed between the two groups. Post-quality control, clean tags ranged from 60,979 to 68,736. Significant differences in α-diversity were observed between the two groups. β-diversity analysis revealed distinct clustering of the urinary microbiota in urolithiasis patients and controls. Notably, Ruminococcaceae was predominant in urolithiasis samples, while Proteobacteria was more prevalent in healthy samples. Lactobacillus was significantly overrepresented in samples from healthy females.ConclusionThe urinary microbiota composition in urolithiasis patients is distinct from that of healthy controls. Specific microbial taxa, such as Ruminococcaceae and Proteobacteria, could serve as potential biomarkers for urolithiasis. The findings pave the way for further exploration of the role of microbiota in urolithiasis and the development of microbiome-based therapeutic strategies

A new fault detection and fault location method for multi-terminal high voltage direct current of offshore wind farm

This paper proposes a novel protection scheme for multi-terminal High Voltage Direct Current (MTDC) systems incorporating offshore wind farm based on high-frequency components detected from the fault current signal. This method can accurately detect the fault on each line and classify the fault types. Using the post-fault current time series, both single-ended measurements (detection and classification) and double-end measurements (location), the frequency spectrum is generated to measure the gaps between the contiguous peak frequencies giving a robust and comprehensive scheme. Unlike the previous travelling wave based methods, which must identify the travelling wavefront and require a high sampling rate, the new gap-based approach is able to give accurate fault detection and fault location using any appropriate range of post-fault signals. Furthermore, the proposed method is fault resistance independent and thus even a very high fault impedance has no effect on the fault location detection. By immediately tripping the faults, the fault-caused disturbance to the offshore wind farm is minimized. A three-terminal voltage sourced converter HVDC (VSC-HVDC) system connection of offshore wind farm is modelled in PSCAD/EMTDC (Power Systems Computer Aided Design/Electro-Magnetic Transients including DC) software, which is used for obtaining the fault current data for the transmission line terminal. The algorithm is verified by studying a range of cases, by varying the fault resistance fault locations and also including external faults. The results show that the proposed method gives an accurate and reliable fault detection, classification and location on the test MTDC system.</p

Coupling and metabolic analysis of urbanization and environment between two resource-based cities in North China

Background The complex relationship between urbanization and environment in resource-based cities is of increasing concern. Methods As typical examples of rapid economic growth, obvious urbanization, and successful transformed production models, the cities of Dongying and Binzhou in Yellow River Delta High-tech Economic Zone were chosen for research. First, this study examines the coupling relationship between urbanization and the environment over the last seventeen years using the coupling degree model. Second, the emergy analysis method is used to further study the energy metabolism and environmental load in the two cities to reveal these couplings. Results Dongying and Binzhou were well-coupled and the coupling coordination degree was in the stage of mild coordination coupling showing an upward trend. The total metabolic energy of the two cities increased yearly from 2000 to 2016, and the emergy extroversion ratio data showed the cities’ dependence on external elements such as continuously increased imported resources. The total emergy used in the two cities showed an upward trend during 2000 and 2016, while the emergy per capita consumption increased significantly, suggesting that the society’s energy efficiency improved. During the same period, the environmental loading ratio increased gradually, and the elements causing the environmental load shifted from internal to external. Discussion The study shows that the factors of environmental load in developing cities are gradually shifting from internal to external, which is vital to understanding the impact of urban transformation and upgrading of resource-based cities on the environment

New insights into the germline genes and CDR3 repertoire of the TCRβ chain in Chiroptera

IntroductionBats are recognized as natural reservoirs for many viruses, and their unique immune system enables them to coexist with these viruses without frequently exhibiting disease symptoms. However, the current understanding of the bat adaptive immune system is limited due to the lack of a database or tool capable of processing T-cell receptor (TCR) sequences for bats.MethodsWe performed germline gene annotation in three bat species using homologous genes and RSSs (Recombinational Signal Sequences) scanning method. Then we used the conserved C gene to construct the TCRβ chain receptor library of the Intermediate Horseshoe Bat. Bats' TCRβ data will be analyzed using MiXCR and constructed reference library.ResultsRegarding the annotation results, we found that the Pale Spear-nosed Bat has 37 members in the TRBV12 family, which is more than the total number of TRBV genes in the Greater Horseshoe Bat. The average number of unique TCRβ chain receptor sequences in each Intermediate Horseshoe Bat sample reached 24,904.DiscussionThe distinct variations in the distribution of TRBV genes among the three types of bats could have a direct impact on the diversity of the TCR repertoire, as evidenced by the presence of conserved amino acids that indicate the T-cell recognition of antigens in bats is MHC-restricted. The bats’ TCRβ repertoire is formed through the rearrangement of the V-D-J-C genes, with D-J/V-D deletions and insertions resulting in high diversity

Aggregation process of two disaster-causing jellyfish species, Nemopilema nomurai and Aurelia coerulea, at the intake area of a nuclear power cooling-water system in Eastern Liaodong Bay, China

The intake safety of nuclear power cooling-water systems (NPCSs) is an important aspect of operational safety of nuclear power plants (NPPs). The blockages caused by aberrant outbreaks of various aquatic organisms have seriously affected operational safety. Large jellyfish constitute the main groups of marine organisms responsible for these blockages. The processes of aggregation and the relationships of two major disaster-causing scyphozoan jellyfish species, Nemopilema nomurai and Aurelia coerulea, with four environmental factors at the intake area of an NPCS in Eastern Liaodong Bay, China, were investigated in 2019 and 2020. The findings revealed that A. coerulea ephyrae were present in the surrounding ports in mid-May; however, N. nomurai ephyrae were absent during the survey period in this study, and the medusae of N. nomurai started appearing from late May. The individual growth and relative biomass (RB) of the jellyfish increased rapidly from late June to July and decreased rapidly thereafter, in September. The RB of N. nomurai was highly correlated to the sea surface temperature (SST) and levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the region. The RB increased with increasing SST and decreased at increasing DO levels. The RB of A. coerulea was significantly negatively correlated with that of N. nomurai, and the peak biomass of the two species alternated over time, which could be attributed to the fact that the jellyfish species share similar ecological niches. The bell diameters were significantly positively correlated with the individual wet weights, and the value of one could be inferred from the value of the other. Although the processes of jellyfish aggregation are attributed to several factors, including interactions with environmental factors and human activities, such as fishing, the results obtained in this study would serve as an important reference and provide a basis for the prevention of jellyfish blooms in waters adjacent to NPPs. The prevention and control of jellyfish disasters at the intake area of NPCSs are not only local concerns. Therefore, remediation from the source combined with the maximum utilization of social resources for monitoring and early warning would immensely improve the efficacy of such preventive strategies

Synaptic Targeting and Function of SAPAPs Mediated by Phosphorylation-Dependent Binding to PSD-95 MAGUKs

The PSD-95/SAPAP/Shank complex functions as the major scaffold in orchestrating the formation and plasticity of the post-synaptic densities (PSDs). We previously demonstrated that the exquisitely specific SAPAP/Shank interaction is critical for Shank synaptic targeting and Shank-mediated synaptogenesis. Here, we show that the PSD-95/SAPAP interaction, SAPAP synaptic targeting, and SAPAP-mediated synaptogenesis require phosphorylation of the N-terminal repeat sequences of SAPAPs. The atomic structure of the PSD-95 guanylate kinase (GK) in complex with a phosphor-SAPAP repeat peptide, together with biochemical studies, reveals the molecular mechanism underlying the phosphorylation-dependent PSD-95/SAPAP interaction, and it also provides an explanation of a PSD-95 mutation found in patients with intellectual disabilities. Guided by the structural data, we developed potent non-phosphorylated GK inhibitory peptides capable of blocking the PSD-95/SAPAP interaction and interfering with PSD-95/SAPAP-mediated synaptic maturation and strength. These peptides are genetically encodable for investigating the functions of the PSD-95/SAPAP interaction in vivo. Using structural biology, cell biology, and electrophysiology approaches, Zhu et al. demonstrate that phosphorylation of the N-terminal repeating sequences of SAPAPs is required for the SAPAP/PSD-95 complex formation and SAPAP's synaptic targeting and maturation functions. They also developed a potent non-phosphorylated PSD-95 GK inhibitory peptide that can effectively disrupt the SAPAP/PSD-95 complex formation and thus inhibit excitatory synaptic activities. Keywords: GK domain; PSD-95; SAPAP; MAGUK; postsynaptic density; synaptic scaffold proteins; synaptogenesis; synaptic plasticit