Affirmative action in education and Black Economic Empowerment in the workplace in South Africa since 1994: policies, strengths and limitations

This paper explains the concepts of Affirmative Action (AA) and Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) and the policies developed in post-Apartheid South Africa. It compares it to similar policies adopted in different contexts in Malaysia, India and the U.S.A. It explains and critiques the South African policies on AA and BEE, its history since 1994 and how class has replaced race as the determinant of who succeeds in education and the workplace. It analyses why these policies were essential to address the massive racial divide in education and the workplace at the arrival of democracy in 1994, but also why it has been controversial and racially divisive. The strengths and limitations of these policies are juxtaposed, the way it has benefitted the black and white elites, bolstered the black middle-class but has had little success in addressing the education and job futures of poor, working class black citizens in South Africa. The views of a number of key social analysts in the field are stated to explain the moral, racial, divisive aspects of AA in relation to the international experience and how South Africa is grappling with limited success to bridge the divide between the rich and poor

Gene mutations in Chinese CTEPH patients and PE without PH patients.

<p>Gene mutations in Chinese CTEPH patients and PE without PH patients.</p

Comparison of clinical characteristics of CTEPH patients in nonsynonymous mutation carriers and noncarriers.

<p>Comparison of clinical characteristics of CTEPH patients in nonsynonymous mutation carriers and noncarriers.</p

Large size rearrangement identified in CTEPH patients and PE without PH patients.

<p>Large size rearrangement identified in CTEPH patients and PE without PH patients.</p

categories of gene mutations in CTEPH patients and PE without PH patients.

<p>categories of gene mutations in CTEPH patients and PE without PH patients.</p

Clinical characteristics of study subjects.

<p>Clinical characteristics of study subjects.</p

Distribution of nonsynonymous mutations of 7 pulmonary arterial hypertension-causing genes in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients and patients recovered from pulmonary embolism and without pulmonary hypertension.

<p>Distribution of nonsynonymous mutations of 7 pulmonary arterial hypertension-causing genes in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients and patients recovered from pulmonary embolism and without pulmonary hypertension.</p

The primer sequences used for PCR amplification of coding sequences of 7 pulmonary arterial hypertension-associated genes.

<p>The primer sequences used for PCR amplification of coding sequences of 7 pulmonary arterial hypertension-associated genes.</p

Synthesis of Quinone Methide Substituted Neonicotinoid Derivatives via 1,6-Conjugate Addition of <i>N</i>‑Benzyl Nitro Ketene Aminals with <i>para</i>-Quinone Methides Accompanying Oxidation

A concise and efficient route for the synthesis of quinone methide substituted neonicotinoid derivatives (<b>4</b>–<b>5</b>) via the one-pot Cs₂CO₃-catalyzed 1,6-conjugate addition of <i>N</i>-benzyl nitro ketene amines (<b>2</b>) or 1,1-enediamines (<b>3</b>) with <i>para</i>-quinone methides (<b>1</b>) in acetone and an oxidation reaction using atmospheric oxygen has been developed. This protocol represents a route to obtain a novel class of quinone methide substituted neonicotinoid derivatives in a concise, rapid, and practical manner. This reaction is particularly attractive because of the following features: low-cost and biocompatible solvent, mild temperature, atomic economy, high yields, and potential biological activity of the product

Self-Assembly of Graphene-Encapsulated Cu Composites for Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensing

Cu has recently received great interest as a potential candidate for glucose sensing to overcome the problems with noble metals. In this work, reduced graphene oxide-encapsulated Cu nanoparticles (Cu@RGO) have been prepared via an electrostatic self-assembly method. This core/shell composites were found to be more stable than conventional Cu-decorated graphene composites and bare copper nanoparticles in an air atmosphere because the graphene shell can effectively protect the Cu nanoparticles from oxidation. In addition, the obtained Cu@RGO composites also showed an outstanding electrocatalytic activity toward glucose oxidation with a wide linear detection range of 1 μM to 2 mM, low detection limit of 0.34 μM (S/N = 3), and a sensitivity of 150 μA mM^–1 cm^–2. Moreover, Cu@RGO composites exhibited a satisfactory reproducibility, selectivity, and long effective performance. These excellent properties indicated that Cu@RGO nanoparticles have great potential application in glucose detection