Antimicrobial peptide-like genes in Nasonia vitripennis: a genomic perspective

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an essential component of innate immunity which can rapidly respond to diverse microbial pathogens. Insects, as a rich source of AMPs, attract great attention of scientists in both understanding of the basic biology of the immune system and searching molecular templates for anti-infective drug design. Despite a large number of AMPs have been identified from different insect species, little information in terms of these peptides is available from parasitic insects.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>By using integrated computational approaches to systemically mining the Hymenopteran parasitic wasp <it>Nasonia vitripennis </it>genome, we establish the first AMP repertoire whose members exhibit extensive sequence and structural diversity and can be distinguished into multiple molecular types, including insect and fungal defensin-like peptides (DLPs) with the cysteine-stabilized α-helical and β-sheet (CSαβ) fold; Pro- or Gly-rich abaecins and hymenoptaecins; horseshoe crab tachystatin-type AMPs with the inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) fold; and a linear α-helical peptide. Inducible expression pattern of seven <it>N. vitripennis </it>AMP genes were verified, and two representative peptides were synthesized and functionally identified to be antibacterial. In comparison with <it>Apis mellifera </it>(Hymenoptera) and several non-Hymenopteran model insects, <it>N. vitripennis </it>has evolved a complex antimicrobial immune system with more genes and larger protein precursors. Three classical strategies that are likely responsible for the complexity increase have been recognized: <it>1</it>) Gene duplication; <it>2</it>) Exon duplication; and <it>3</it>) Exon-shuffling.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The present study established the <it>N. vitripennis </it>peptidome associated with antimicrobial immunity by using a combined computational and experimental strategy. As the first AMP repertoire of a parasitic wasp, our results offer a basic platform for further studying the immunological and evolutionary significances of these newly discovered AMP-like genes in this class of insects.</p

Relationship between neonatal dacryocystitis and cesarean section and the treatment of neonatal dacryocystitis

AIM: To explore the treatment of neonatal dacryocystitis of different ages and the relationship between caesarean section and neonatal dacryocystitis.<p>METHODS: A total of 260 cases(260 eyes)of children with neonatal dacryocystitis were divided into 1-3 months group, 4-6 months group, 7-12 months group and 13-24 months group, Each group was respectively given the lacrimal sac massage, lacrimal passage irrigation and probing of lacrimal passage method. Curative effect of each method was observed in different groups. Analysis was made to determine whether caesarean section was the cause of neonatal dacryocystitis.<p>RESULTS: The comparison between 1-3 months group and 4-6 months group showed significant difference(<i>χ</i>²=19.89, <i>P</i><0.05). Lacrimal sac massage was effective for babies under 6 months, particularly in 1-3 months babies. The curative effect of lacrimal passage irrigation in four groups was compared, and there was statistical significance in the difference between the curative effect of each group(<i>χ</i>²=54.95, <i>P</i><0.05). The difference between the 1-3 months group and 4-6 months group was <i>χ</i>²=0.00003, <i>P</i>>0.05, lacrimal passage irrigation of these two groups showed no significant difference in efficacy. The comparison result between the other two groups showed no significant difference(<i>P</i><0.05), lacrimal passage irrigation effects are different from each group. The comparison result between 7-12 months group and 13-24 months group was <i>χ</i>²=10.29, <i>P</i><0.05. Infants born by cesarean section accounted for 85% of all cases. <p>CONCLUSION:Lacrimal sac massage can exert very good therapeutic effects in infants less than 3 months. The curative effects of irrigation of lacrimal passage are quite good in babies under 12 months. Probing of lacrimal passage has a good curative effect in 7-12 months infants, but a poor curative effect in babies over 12 months. Caesarean section is an important cause for neonatal dacryocystitis

Ethyl (E)-3-anilino-2-cyano-3-mercaptoacrylate

In the title compound, C12H12N2O2S, there are S—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen-bond inter­actions. The N—H⋯O hydrogen bond is bifurcated, with the hydrogen being simultaneously donated to two equivalent O atoms, forming one intra- and one inter­molecular N—H⋯O bond with an R 1 2(4) motif. The motif of the S—H⋯N hydrogen bond is R 2 2(12)