Global versus Localized Generative Adversarial Nets

In this paper, we present a novel localized Generative Adversarial Net (GAN) to learn on the manifold of real data. Compared with the classic GAN that {\em globally} parameterizes a manifold, the Localized GAN (LGAN) uses local coordinate charts to parameterize distinct local geometry of how data points can transform at different locations on the manifold. Specifically, around each point there exists a {\em local} generator that can produce data following diverse patterns of transformations on the manifold. The locality nature of LGAN enables local generators to adapt to and directly access the local geometry without need to invert the generator in a global GAN. Furthermore, it can prevent the manifold from being locally collapsed to a dimensionally deficient tangent subspace by imposing an orthonormality prior between tangents. This provides a geometric approach to alleviating mode collapse at least locally on the manifold by imposing independence between data transformations in different tangent directions. We will also demonstrate the LGAN can be applied to train a robust classifier that prefers locally consistent classification decisions on the manifold, and the resultant regularizer is closely related with the Laplace-Beltrami operator. Our experiments show that the proposed LGANs can not only produce diverse image transformations, but also deliver superior classification performances

Bis(2-amino­benzothia­zol-3-ium) bis­(7-oxabicyclo­[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxyl­ato-κ3 O 2,O 3,O 7)nickelate(II) hexa­hydrate

In the title compound, (C7H7N2S)2[Ni(C8H8O5)2]·6H2O, the NiII cation is located on an inversion center and is O,O′,O′′-chelated by two symmetry-related 7-oxabicyclo­[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxyl­ate anions in a distorted octa­hedral geometry. The 2-amino­benzothia­zol-3-ium cation links with the Ni complex anion via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonding. Extensive O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the lattice water mol­ecules also occur in the crystal structure