3,659 research outputs found
INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL-ECONOMIC ACCOUNTING OF GDP
Conventional measures of gross domestic product (GDP) fail to account for the effect of economic activity on the environment. Integrated environmental-economic (or 'green') GDP is calculated using a data-envelopment-analysis (DEA) framework. For this purpose a dynamic cross-country technology is specified and estimated. Deriving Green GDP involves subtracting the inner product of the vectors of shadow prices and environmental degradation variables from conventional GDP.Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy,
Nonlocality-controlled interaction of spatial solitons in nematic liquid crystals
We demonstrate experimentally that the interactions between a pair of
nonlocal spatial optical solitons in a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) can be
controlled by the degree of nonlocality. For a given beam width, the degree of
nonlocality can be modulated by varying the pretilt angle of NLC molecules via
the change of the bias. When the pretilt angle is smaller than pi/4, the
nonlocality is strong enough to guarantee the independence of the interactions
on the phase difference of the solitons. As the pretilt angle increases, the
degree of nonlocality decreases. When the degree is below its critical value,
the two solitons behavior in the way like their local counterpart: the two
in-phase solitons attract and the two out-of-phase solitons repulse.Comment: 3 pages, 4 figure
Controlling sap-sucking insect pests with recombinant endophytes expressing plant lectin
We developed a novel pest management strategy, which uses endophytes to express anti-pest plant lectins. Fungal endophyte of Chaetomium globosum YY-11 with anti-fungi activities was isolated from rape seedlings, and bacterial endophytes of SJ-10 (Enterobacter sp.) and WB (Bacillus subtilis) were isolated from rice seedlings. Pinellia ternate agglutinin gene was cloned into SJ-10 and WB for expression by a shuttle vector, and YY-11 was mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Positive transformants were evaluated using PCR and Western blot assay. Recombinant endophytes colonized most of crops, and resistance of rice seedlings, which were inoculated with the recombinant endophytic bacteria, to white backed planthoppers was dramatically enhanced by decreasing the survival and fecundity of white backed planthoppers. Rape inoculated with recombinant endophytic fungi significantly inhibited the growth and reproduction of aphids. Recombinant endophytes expressing PTA may endow hosts with resistance against sap-sucking pests
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