523 research outputs found
Locating Multiple Multi-scale Electromagnetic Scatterers by A Single Far-field Measurement
Two inverse scattering schemes were recently developed in
\cite{LiLiuShangSun} for locating multiple electromagnetic (EM) scatterers,
respectively, of small size and regular size compared to the detecting EM
wavelength. Both schemes make use of a single far-field measurement. The scheme
of locating regular-size scatterers requires the {\it a priori} knowledge of
the possible shapes, orientations and sizes of the underlying scatterer
components. In this paper, we extend that imaging scheme to a much more
practical setting by relaxing the requirement on the orientations and sizes. We
also develop an imaging scheme of locating multiple multi-scale EM scatterers,
which may include at the same time, both components of regular size and small
size. For the second scheme, a novel local re-sampling technique is developed.
Furthermore, more robust and accurate reconstruction can be achieved for the
second scheme if an additional far-field measurement is used. Rigorous
mathematical justifications are provided and numerical results are presented to
demonstrate the effectiveness and the promising features of the proposed
imaging schemes.Comment: Any comments are welcom
Asymptotic efficiency and finite-sample properties of the generalized profiling estimation of parameters in ordinary differential equations
Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are commonly used to model dynamic
behavior of a system. Because many parameters are unknown and have to be
estimated from the observed data, there is growing interest in statistics to
develop efficient estimation procedures for these parameters. Among the
proposed methods in the literature, the generalized profiling estimation method
developed by Ramsay and colleagues is particularly promising for its
computational efficiency and good performance. In this approach, the ODE
solution is approximated with a linear combination of basis functions. The
coefficients of the basis functions are estimated by a penalized smoothing
procedure with an ODE-defined penalty. However, the statistical properties of
this procedure are not known. In this paper, we first give an upper bound on
the uniform norm of the difference between the true solutions and their
approximations. Then we use this bound to prove the consistency and asymptotic
normality of this estimation procedure. We show that the asymptotic covariance
matrix is the same as that of the maximum likelihood estimation. Therefore,
this procedure is asymptotically efficient. For a fixed sample and fixed basis
functions, we study the limiting behavior of the approximation when the
smoothing parameter tends to infinity. We propose an algorithm to choose the
smoothing parameters and a method to compute the deviation of the spline
approximation from solution without solving the ODEs.Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/09-AOS724 the Annals of
Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aos/) by the Institute of Mathematical
Statistics (http://www.imstat.org
The effect of conditional EFNB1 deletion in the T cell compartment on T cell development and function
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Eph kinases are the largest family of cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases. The ligands of Ephs, ephrins (EFNs), are also cell surface molecules. Ephs interact with EFNs transmitting signals in both directions, i.e., from Ephs to EFNs and from EFNs to Ephs. EFNB1 is known to be able to co-stimulate T cells <it>in vitro </it>and to modulate thymocyte development in a model of foetal thymus organ culture. To further understand the role of EFNB1 in T cell immunity, we generated T-cell-specific EFNB1 gene knockout mice to assess T cell development and function in these mice.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The mice were of normal size and cellularity in the thymus and spleen and had normal T cell subpopulations in these organs. The bone marrow progenitors from KO mice and WT control mice repopulated host spleen T cell pool to similar extents. The activation and proliferation of KO T cells was comparable to that of control mice. Naïve KO CD4 cells showed an ability to differentiate into Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells similar to control CD4 cells.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results suggest that the function of EFNB1 in the T cell compartment could be compensated by other members of the EFN family, and that such redundancy safeguards the pivotal roles of EFNB1 in T cell development and function.</p
Patching Weak Convolutional Neural Network Models through Modularization and Composition
Despite great success in many applications, deep neural networks are not
always robust in practice. For instance, a convolutional neuron network (CNN)
model for classification tasks often performs unsatisfactorily in classifying
some particular classes of objects. In this work, we are concerned with
patching the weak part of a CNN model instead of improving it through the
costly retraining of the entire model. Inspired by the fundamental concepts of
modularization and composition in software engineering, we propose a compressed
modularization approach, CNNSplitter, which decomposes a strong CNN model for
-class classification into smaller CNN modules. Each module is a
sub-model containing a part of the convolution kernels of the strong model. To
patch a weak CNN model that performs unsatisfactorily on a target class (TC),
we compose the weak CNN model with the corresponding module obtained from a
strong CNN model. The ability of the weak CNN model to recognize the TC can
thus be improved through patching. Moreover, the ability to recognize non-TCs
is also improved, as the samples misclassified as TC could be classified as
non-TCs correctly. Experimental results with two representative CNNs on three
widely-used datasets show that the averaged improvement on the TC in terms of
precision and recall are 12.54% and 2.14%, respectively. Moreover, patching
improves the accuracy of non-TCs by 1.18%. The results demonstrate that
CNNSplitter can patch a weak CNN model through modularization and composition,
thus providing a new solution for developing robust CNN models.Comment: Accepted at ASE'2
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Associations of Leg Fat Accumulation with Adiposity-Related Biological Factors and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome
The association between regional fat mass distribution and cardiometabolic risk factors has been inconsistent in the literature, and data for ethnic minority groups, such as non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics, are lacking. We aimed to examine this association among 8802 US residents who participated in the 1999-2004 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Leg fat indices included leg fat mass (FM), leg fat mass percent (FM%), leg to whole body FM ratio (leg/whole) and leg to trunk FM ratio (leg/trunk). We evaluated the correlation between leg fat indices and adiposity-related risk factors, as well as the association of these indices with metabolic syndrome (MetS). After adjusting for covariates including age, gender, and trunk FM or trunk FM%, higher leg FM and leg FM% were, in general, correlated favorably with adiposity-related risk factors and associated with lower odds of MetS in all ethnicities, including non-Hispanic whites and blacks and Hispanic groups. In addition, in all multivariate-adjusted models, leg/whole and leg/trunk ratios were strongly associated with lower levels of most risk factors and decreased odds of MetS in these ethnicities (all odds ratios comparing extreme quintiles < 0.1). Our results show that leg fat accumulation is inversely associated with adiposity-related biological factors and risk of MetS in both whites and ethnic groups, suggesting that regional fat distribution plays an important role in the etiology of adiposity-related diseases in these populations
Reusing Deep Neural Network Models through Model Re-engineering
Training deep neural network (DNN) models, which has become an important task
in today's software development, is often costly in terms of computational
resources and time. With the inspiration of software reuse, building DNN models
through reusing existing ones has gained increasing attention recently. Prior
approaches to DNN model reuse have two main limitations: 1) reusing the entire
model, while only a small part of the model's functionalities (labels) are
required, would cause much overhead (e.g., computational and time costs for
inference), and 2) model reuse would inherit the defects and weaknesses of the
reused model, and hence put the new system under threats of security attack. To
solve the above problem, we propose SeaM, a tool that re-engineers a trained
DNN model to improve its reusability. Specifically, given a target problem and
a trained model, SeaM utilizes a gradient-based search method to search for the
model's weights that are relevant to the target problem. The re-engineered
model that only retains the relevant weights is then reused to solve the target
problem. Evaluation results on widely-used models show that the re-engineered
models produced by SeaM only contain 10.11% weights of the original models,
resulting 42.41% reduction in terms of inference time. For the target problem,
the re-engineered models even outperform the original models in classification
accuracy by 5.85%. Moreover, reusing the re-engineered models inherits an
average of 57% fewer defects than reusing the entire model. We believe our
approach to reducing reuse overhead and defect inheritance is one important
step forward for practical model reuse.Comment: Accepted by ICSE'2
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IRS1 Genotype Modulates Metabolic Syndrome Reversion in Response to 2-Year Weight-Loss Diet Intervention: The POUNDS LOST trial
OBJECTIVE Genetic variants near IRS1 are associated with features of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We examined whether genetic variants near IRS1 might modulate the effects of diets varying in fat content on the MetS status in a 2-year weight-loss trial. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Two variants near IRS1, rs1522813 and rs2943641, were genotyped in 738 overweight/obese adults (age 60 ± 9 years; BMI 32.7 ± 3.9 kg/m2) randomly assigned to one of four weight-loss diets (a deficit of 750 kcal/day of caloric intake from baseline) varying in macronutrient contents for 2 years. We compared MetS status of high-fat (40% of caloric intake; n = 370) and low-fat (20% caloric intake; n = 368) diet groups differentiated by genotypes (rs1522813 A-allele carriers and noncarriers and rs2943641T-allele carriers and noncarriers). RESULTS Among rs1522813 A-allele carriers, the reversion rates of the MetS were higher in the high-fat diet group than those in the low-fat diet group over the 2-year intervention (P = 0.002), while no significant difference between diet groups was observed among noncarriers (P = 0.27). The genetic modulation on dietary effect was independent of weight changes. The odds ratio (OR) for the 2-year reversion of the MetS was 2.88 (95% CI 1.25–6.67) comparing the high-fat and low-fat diets among rs1522813 A-allele carriers, while the corresponding OR was 0.83 (0.36–1.92) in noncarriers. The variant rs2943641 was not observed to modulate dietary effects on the MetS status. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that high-fat weight-loss diets might be more effective in the management of the MetS compared with low-fat diets among individuals with the A-allele of the rs1522813 variant near IRS1
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