The Relationship between Poverty, Income Inequality and Unemployment: Evidence from ARDL and Bound Testing Approach

The paper explores the impact of development expenditure, military expenditure, debt, political stability, foreign direct investment and inflation on poverty, income inequality and unemployment in the context of Pakistan. Time series uninterrupted data is used for the period 1980 to 2014. Income inequality is havoc by which income gap increases between rich and poor of society. Pakistan has an alarming situation of income inequality, poverty and unemployment rate as compared to other developing nations. The empirical findings confirm that increase in development expenditure causes a decrease in poverty and unemployment but inequality increases due to capitalism. There is a negative relationship between military expenditure inequality and unemployment. Foreign direct investment decreases inequality and unemployment. Results also show that political stability is responsible for increasing poverty and unemployment

The Relationship between Poverty, Income Inequality and Unemployment: Evidence from ARDL and Bound Testing Approach

The paper explores the impact of development expenditure, military expenditure, debt, political stability, foreign direct investment and inflation on poverty, income inequality and unemployment in the context of Pakistan. Time series uninterrupted data is used for the period 1980 to 2014. Income inequality is havoc by which income gap increases between rich and poor of society. Pakistan has an alarming situation of income inequality, poverty and unemployment rate as compared to other developing nations. The empirical findings confirm that increase in development expenditure causes a decrease in poverty and unemployment but inequality increases due to capitalism. There is a negative relationship between military expenditure inequality and unemployment. Foreign direct investment decreases inequality and unemployment. Results also show that political stability is responsible for increasing poverty and unemployment

Renewable electricity enables green routes to fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals

Syntheses of chemicals using renewable electricity and when generating high atom economies are considered green and sustainable processes. In the present state of affairs, electrochemical manufacturing of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals is not as common place as it could be and therefore, merits more attention. There is also a need to turn attention toward the electrochemical synthesis of valuable chemicals from recyclable greenhouse gases that can accelerate the process of circular economy. CO2 emissions are the major contributor to human-induced global warming. CO2 conversion into chemicals is a valuable application of its utilisation and will contribute to circular economy while maintaining environmental sustainability. Herein, we present an overview of electro-carboxylation, including mechanistic aspects, which forms carboxylic acids using molecular carbon dioxide. We also discuss atom economies of electrochemical fluorination, methoxylation and amide formation reactions

Blockchain adoption for sustainable supply chain management : economic, environmental, and social perspectives

Due to the rapid increase in environmental degradation and depletion of natural resources, the focus of researchers is shifted from economic to socio-environmental problems. Blockchain is a disruptive technology that has the potential to restructure the entire supply chain for sustainable practices. Blockchain is a distributed ledger that provides a digital database for recording all the transactions of the supply chain. The main purpose of this research is to explore the literature relevant to blockchain for sustainable supply chain management. The focus of this review is on the sustainability of the blockchain-based supply chain concerning environmental conservation, social equality, and governance effectiveness. Using a systematic literature review, a total of 136 articles were evaluated and categorized according to the triple bottom-line aspects of sustainability. Challenges and barriers during blockchain adoption in different industrial sectors such as aviation, shipping, agriculture and food, manufacturing, automotive, pharmaceutical, and textile industries were critically examined. This study has not only explored the economic, environmental, and social impacts of blockchain but also highlighted the emerging trends in a circular supply chain with current developments of advanced technologies along with their critical success factors. Furthermore, research areas and gaps in the existing research are discussed, and future research directions are suggested. The findings of this study show that blockchain has the potential to revolutionize the entire supply chain from a sustainability perspective. Blockchain will not only improve the economic sustainability of the supply chain through effective traceability, enhanced visibility through information sharing, transparency in processes, and decentralization of the entire structure but also will help in achieving environmental and social sustainability through resource efficiency, accountability, smart contracts, trust development, and fraud prevention. The study will be helpful for managers and practitioners to understand the procedure of blockchain adoption and to increase the probability of its successful implementation to develop a sustainable supply chain network

Tribological Response and Optimization of Additive Manufactured Hot Forming Tool Materials.

With more efficiency and flexibility, additive manufacturing (AM) has revolutionized our production of intricate materials and designs. Still, limited investigations have been done on how well AM-manufactured materials operate in demanding conditions—such as hot forming environments. This thesis compares, at temperatures of 40°C, 200°C, and 400°C, the tribological behavior—that of wear resistance, friction, and thermal stability—of tool steel produced by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) versus conventional tool steel. Along with thorough analysis techniques including microhardness testing, 3D optical profilometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD), the research comprised long (15 minutes) and short (60-second) dry tests using an SRV tribometer. The findings revealed obvious variations in how the materials handled friction, wore down, and reacted at various temperatures. One of the key takeaways is that the microstructure of AM tool steel affects how it performs under high temperatures, especially when it comes to the formation and stability of oxide layers. These findings provide important insights for industries that rely on high-temperature applications, like hot forming, where material durability and reliability are essential.

Sustainable Pakistan through Matching Grants Programme : 21 century vision

With reference to 68th Annual session of Pakistan Engineering Congress (PEC) was held on 19th January 2001 at Lahore, the chief guest of the conference, the Chairman of National Reconstruction Bureau (NRB) of Pakistan announced the replication of Matching Grants (MG) program for 21st Century through Citizen Community Boards (CCBs) in all over Pakistan. After a considerable period of three years even today MG program is running in villages, towns and cities of Pakistan under more than 20 thousands CCBs. Millions of the people of various districts of this country are benefiting from the community based sustainable projects. It is concluded that Engineering Congress has also played a significant role because (1) it provided the platform where the program was introduced all over the country. (2) Secondly this platform also provided the opportunities to the engineers, planners, architects and citizens of the country to build the nation together. As the consequences of this joint efforts to build the nation together has been seen at various tehsils and districts, where the engineers, planners, architects and citizens have started to understand each other and work together for sustainable Pakistan. 21st Century Matching Grant Program in the light of Iqbal's characteristics for sustainable Pakistan has been conceived. Thus the program has been reviewed and analysed through 9 criteria of Iqbal's thoughts which lead towards sustainable Pakistan

Blockchain based Secure Energy Marketplace Scheme to Motivate P2P Microgrids

In the past years trend of microgrids is increasing very fast to reduce peak-hour costs. However, in these systems, third parties are still involved in selling surplus energy. This results in increased cost of energy and there are many operational and security barriers in such systems. These issues can be solved by the decentralized distributed system of microgrids where a consumer can locally sell their surplus energy to another consumer. To deploy such a system, one must consider security barriers for the transaction of energy. This paper proposes a solution to these problems by devising a scheme as a marketplace where users interact with each other to buy and sell energy at better rates and get energy-generating resources on lease so that users do not have to worry about capital investment. Agreement between owner of resources and consumer is recorded on blockchain based smart contracts. In this paper, a survey is performed for existing well known, decentralized energy solutions. This paper also proposes an extra layer of security to leverage a shielded execution environment so that information of energy generated, utilized, and shared cannot be changed by consumers and third parties even if the system is compromised.Comment: Accepted to be published in the International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT

Influência do Programa “Uma Semana de Educação no Conhecimento e Enfoque dos Estudantes de Farmácia para o Diabetes Mellitus”

The objective of this study was to assess the improvement in knowledge and attitude of Pharmacy student towards diabetes by implementing one week long education program. Study design: Study was conducted between April 25, 2011 to April 29, 2011 which engaged the 3rd professional year Pharm. D. students comprising two groups: experimental and control groups. Lectures and visual presentations on diabetic education and practice were conducted for five days. Three surveys were performed on two groups i.e. non intervened control, non- intervened experimental and intervened experimental surveys. Questionnaire was used as survey tool comprising of 46 questions under ten categories. Results: Scores in all diabetic knowledge aspect was increased after education intervention and was significantly (PEl objetivo del estudio fue evaluar cómo mejorar el conocimiento y la actitud de los estudiantes de Farmacia hacia la diabetes, mediante la implementación de un programa de educación de una semana. Diseño: El estudio se realizó entre el 25 y el 29 de abril de 2011, entre estudiantes de 3er año de la carrera de Farmacia, conformados en dos grupos: uno experimental y otro de control. Se llevaron a cabo conferencias y presentaciones visuales en educación y práctica de la diabetes durante cinco días. Tres estudios se realizaron en dos grupos: el grupo control y experimental no intervenido y el de estudio experimental intervenido. Un cuestionario se utilizó como herramienta de estudio con 46 preguntas en diez categorías. Resultados: Las puntuaciones en el conocimiento sobre todo aspecto de la diabetes se incrementó después de la intervención educativa, lo que fue significativo (PO objetivo do estudo foi avaliar como melhorar o conhecimento e a atitude dos estudantes de Farmácia para o diabetes, mediante a implementação de um programa de educação de uma semana. Projeto: O estudo se realizou entre 25 e 29 de abril de 2011, entre estudantes de 3º ano do curso de Farmácia, conformados em dois grupos: um experimental e outro de controle. Foram levadas a cabo conferências e apresentações visuais em educação e prática do diabetes durante cinco dias. Três estudos foram realizados em dois grupos: o grupo controle e experimental sem intervenção e o grupo de estudo experimental com intervenção. Um questionáriofoi utilizado como ferramenta de estudo com 46 perguntas em dez categorias. Resultados: As pontuações no conhecimento sobre todo aspecto do diabetes foi incrementado depois da intervenção educativa, o que foi significativamente (

Influência do Programa “Uma Semana de Educação no Conhecimento e Enfoque dos Estudantes de Farmácia para o Diabetes Mellitus”

The objective of this study was to assess the improvement in knowledge and attitude of Pharmacy student towards diabetes by implementing one week long education program. Study design: Study was conducted between April 25, 2011 to April 29, 2011 which engaged the 3rd professional year Pharm. D. students comprising two groups: experimental and control groups. Lectures and visual presentations on diabetic education and practice were conducted for five days. Three surveys were performed on two groups i.e. non intervened control, non- intervened experimental and intervened experimental surveys. Questionnaire was used as survey tool comprising of 46 questions under ten categories. Results: Scores in all diabetic knowledge aspect was increased after education intervention and was significantly (PEl objetivo del estudio fue evaluar cómo mejorar el conocimiento y la actitud de los estudiantes de Farmacia hacia la diabetes, mediante la implementación de un programa de educación de una semana. Diseño: El estudio se realizó entre el 25 y el 29 de abril de 2011, entre estudiantes de 3er año de la carrera de Farmacia, conformados en dos grupos: uno experimental y otro de control. Se llevaron a cabo conferencias y presentaciones visuales en educación y práctica de la diabetes durante cinco días. Tres estudios se realizaron en dos grupos: el grupo control y experimental no intervenido y el de estudio experimental intervenido. Un cuestionario se utilizó como herramienta de estudio con 46 preguntas en diez categorías. Resultados: Las puntuaciones en el conocimiento sobre todo aspecto de la diabetes se incrementó después de la intervención educativa, lo que fue significativo (PO objetivo do estudo foi avaliar como melhorar o conhecimento e a atitude dos estudantes de Farmácia para o diabetes, mediante a implementação de um programa de educação de uma semana. Projeto: O estudo se realizou entre 25 e 29 de abril de 2011, entre estudantes de 3º ano do curso de Farmácia, conformados em dois grupos: um experimental e outro de controle. Foram levadas a cabo conferências e apresentações visuais em educação e prática do diabetes durante cinco dias. Três estudos foram realizados em dois grupos: o grupo controle e experimental sem intervenção e o grupo de estudo experimental com intervenção. Um questionáriofoi utilizado como ferramenta de estudo com 46 perguntas em dez categorias. Resultados: As pontuações no conhecimento sobre todo aspecto do diabetes foi incrementado depois da intervenção educativa, o que foi significativamente (