Microbial-Derived Uremic Toxins: Role in the Pathogenesis of Comorbidities in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Аim: to analyze the significance of microbial-derived uremic toxins (MDUT) in the pathogenesis of comorbidities in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Key findings. Increased excretion of nitrogen metabolism products into the intestines of patients with CKD is associated with uremic dysbiosis; changes in the metabolic activity of the gut microbiota and the leaky gut syndrome; which largely cause the accumulation of MDUT in the internal environment of the body: indoxyl sulfate; p-cresyl sulfate; trimethylamine-N-oxide; etc. The results of recent studies allow to consider these metabolites as an independent risk factor for adverse outcomes in people with CKD due to the progression of renal dysfunction to the terminal stage; as well as frequent cardiovascular; neurological; bone mineral; nutritional and other complications.Conclusion. MDUT are one of the key modulators of the pathogenetic relationship between the gut and kidneys. Therapeutic manipulations with intestinal microbiota can be considered a promising strategy for preventing complications associated with uremia

Ultra-high photon flux high-harmonic generation

We present a highly stable, easy-to-use HHG source delivering a record photon flux of >1011 photons/s at 69eV-75eV, being tunable to approx. 100eV which will be used for future photon-hungry applications.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.ImPhys/Optic