Aktivitas Anti-Inflamasi Minyak Herbal Tradisional Dari Bahan Usada Bali Pada Mencit Inflamasi Yang Diinduksi Karagenan

Peradangan sendi atau artritis merupakan salah satu penyakit inflamasi kronis yang memerlukan penggunaan obat jangka panjang. Penggunaan obat artritis seperti metotreksat dan NSAID dalam waktu lama dapat menimbulkan berbagai efek samping serius, sehingga diperlukan alternatif pengobatan yang relatif lebih aman terutama dari bahan herbal. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji aktivitas anti-inflamasi minyak herbal tradisional Usada Bali dari bahan Jahe (Zingiber officinale), Kunyit (Curcuma longa), Kencur (Kaemferia galanga), Bangle (Zingiber montanum), Cengkeh (Syzigium aromaticum) dan Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum burmanii) pada mencit inflamasi yang diinduksi karagenan melalui pengujian secara topikal. Mencit dibagi empat kelompok yang terdiri dari kelompok kontrol negatif (pembawa), kontrol positif (Natrium Diklofenak topikal), minyak herbal 150 dan 300 mg/ml. Volume peradangan kaki mencit diukur dengan alat pletismometer setiap jam selama empat jam setelah diinduksi dengan karagenan 0,5% (b/v) subplantar, kemudian diuji secara statistik (Mann-Whitney) dengan taraf kepercayaan 95%. Skrining fitokimia menunjukkan bahwa minyak herbal mengandung senyawa flavonoid, terpenoid dan steroid. Hasil uji aktivitas anti-inflamasi menunjukan adanya penghambatan peradangan yang signifikan (p0,05). Hasil tersebut menunjukkan adanya potensi  minyak herbal Usada Bali sebagai anti-inflamasi topikal

ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF MEDICINAL PLANT USAGE DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A COMMUNITY-BASED SURVEY IN INDONESIA

Before the availability of a vaccine, Indonesian population relied on traditional medicines to prevent COVID-19. Any species used by indigenous people could lead to further investigations in modern pharmacology, to preserve ancient knowledge, and to plan for plants’ conservation. The study aimed to discover and record species, methods of preparation, route of administration, and motivation in using medicinal plants by the Indonesian population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants of survey were selected from the people who live in Java and Bali for responding to an online structured questionnaire. Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) was employed in the quantitative analysis of the collected data. The pharmacological relevance of the five plants with the highest RFC was further reviewed. The results showed that respondents used 59 plants from 28 families. Five species with the highest RFC were Curcuma longa (0.707), Zingiber officinale (0.674), Cymbopogon citratus (0.269), Kaempferia galanga (0.174), and Curcuma zanthorrhiza (0.165). Most plants were prepared by boiling (77.97%) and administered orally as a single ingredient or mixed with other herbals. Respondents believed that the plants were beneficial as immune-booster (71.26%), maintain good health (24.85%) and stamina (12.28%), and prevent viral infection, including COVID-19 (5.39%). The most commonly used plants might be scientifically based to boost immunity. However, their usage against COVID-19 and the medicinal value of herbal mixtures should be further investigated

Aktivitas Anti-inflamasi Parem Instant Tradisional dari Bahan Usada Bali pada Mencit Inflamasi yang Diinduksi Karagenan

The increase of adverse reactions from anti-inflammatory drugs that are used in the long term by rheumatic patients requires a relatively safer alternative therapy. This research was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Usada Bali's instant parem (BIO-PAREM) as an anti-inflammatory agent against carrageenan-induced inflammatory mice. The method used was randomized pre-test and post-test with control group design using 24 mice which were divided into 4 treatment groups. The negative control group was given a vehicle, the positive control group was given anti-inflammatory gel of diclofenac sodium, group 3 (P1) was given BIO-PAREM with a concentration of 12.5% and group 4 (P2) was given BIO-PAREM with a concentration of 25%. All groups were induced with 1% carrageenan, then the mice's paw edema volume was calculated using a plethysmometer at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours. The Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney test were used to analyse the relative change of inflammation volume. The BIO-PAREM phytochemical screening assay showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids and triterpenoids. BIO-PAREM showed significant inhibition of mice's paw edema at concentrations of 12.5% and 25% (p <0.05) indicating its potential as a candidate for topical alternative treatment for rheumatism.Maraknya efek samping penggunaan obat anti-inflamasi steroid dan non steroid yang digunakan dalam jangka panjang oleh pasien rematik memerlukan alternatif terapi yang relatif lebih aman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas parem instan dari Usada Bali yang diberi nama BIO-PAREM sebagai agen anti-inflamasi terhadap mencit inflamasi dengan diinduksi karagenan. Penelitian ini merupakan randomized pre-test and post-test with control group design dengan subjek 24 ekor mencit terbagi dalam empat kelompok perlakuan. Kelompok pertama sebagai kontrol negatif diberikan pembawa (aquadest), kelompok dua kontrol positif diberikan gel natrium diklofenak, kelompok tiga (P1) diberikan BIO-PAREM konsentrasi 12,5% dan kelompok 4 (P2) diberikan BIO-PAREM konsentrasi 25%. Seluruh kelompok diinduksi dengan karagenan 1% (b/v), kemudian diberikan perlakuan secara topikal dan kemudian dilakukan pengukuran perubahan volume peradangan kaki mencit menggunakan pletismometer pada jam ke-0, 1, 2, 3, dan 4. Uji Kruskal Wallis dan Mann Whitney (taraf kepercayaan 95%) digunakan untuk melakukan analisis terhadap perubahan volume peradangan relatif. Dari hasil pengujian skrining fitokimia BIO-PAREM baik pada konsentrasi 12,5% maupun 25% menunjukkan adanya kandungan senyawa tannin, steroid, triterpenoid, flavonoid dan alkaloid. BIO-PAREM pada kedua konsentrasi mampu menghambat inflamasi secara bermakna jika dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif (p<0,05), namun kedua konsentrasi tersebut menghasilkan aktivitas antiinflamasi yang sebanding (p>0,05)

Analgesic activity test of ethyl acetate, n-hexane, water fractions of cemcem leaves extract (Spondias pinnata (Linn.f.) Kurz.) as part of Usadha Bali

Pain is the most common reason why patients come to seek medical help. Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional feeling and is associated with tissue damage. Indonesia is one of the countries that still uses traditional medicine in addition to formal treatment. Spondias pinnata plant (Linn.f.) Kurz or Cemcem Plant is one that is used empirically as a pain reliever during menstrual pain by Balinese people. This study aims to prove the analgesic activity of the leaves of Cemcem (Spondias pinnata (Linn.f.) Kurz) that grow in Bali by making Cemcem leaves in 3 (three) fractions including ethyl acetate fraction, n-hexane fraction, and water fraction, so there is a comparison of analgesic activity of the three fractions. The three types of fractions were subjected to phytochemical screening to determine the class of secondary metabolite compounds present in Cemcem leaves extract. Analgesic activity test uses heat induction method with a temperature of 55oC in 20 mice divided into four groups, namely the negative control group was given tween 80, the positive control group was given mefenamic acid 100 mg / kg BW, the ethyl acetate fraction group, the fraction group n-Hexane, and water fraction of Cemcem leaves extract

Piper betle (L): Recent Review of Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties, Safety Profiles, and Commercial Applications

Piper betle (L) is a popular medicinal plant in Asia. Plant leaves have been used as a traditional medicine to treat various health conditions. It is highly abundant and inexpensive, therefore promoting further research and industrialization development, including in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Articles published from 2010 to 2020 were reviewed in detail to show recent updates on the antibacterial and antifungal properties of betel leaves. This current review showed that betel leaves extract, essential oil, preparations, and isolates could inhibit microbial growth and kill various Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as fungal species, including those that are multidrug-resistant and cause serious infectious diseases. P. betle leaves displayed high efficiency on Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The ratio of MBC/MIC indicated bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects of P. betle leaves, while MFC/MIC values showed fungicidal and fungistatic effects. This review also provides a list of phytochemical compounds in betel leaves extracts and essential oils, safety profiles, and value-added products of betel leaves. Some studies also showed that the combination of betel leaves extract and essential oil with antibiotics (streptomycin, chloramphenicol and gentamicin) could provide potentiating antibacterial properties. Moreover, this review delivers a scientific resume for researchers in respected areas and manufacturers who want to develop betel leaves-based products