Aspects of small electric machines development

Postęp w technologii, właściwości materiałów, układów elektronicznych i oczekiwań człowieka doprowadził do niebywałego rozwoju rodzajów i zastosowań "zelektronizowanych" małych maszyn elektrycznych i sprzętu powszechnego użytku w każ- dej dziedzinie życia. Mimo celowości wynikającej z zaspokojenia bieżących i przyszłościowych potrzeb społecznych i konieczności zagwarantowania bezpieczeństwa społeczeństwom, rozwój ten może być niekorzystny dla człowieka i środowiska naturalnego. W artykule zadano pytanie o motywacje i racjonalność działania twórców w tej dziedzinie. Stwierdzono, że konieczny jest zharmonizowany rozwój i całościowa ocena działania z uwzględnieniem ekologii i ekonomii oraz poszukiwanie równowagi między zasadą "mieć" i "być".The rise of small electric machines was the result of a new concept of electromagnetic circuits using the basic knowledge of electric machines. Dynamic progress of production technology, materials, theory and different needs has led to unusual development of many kinds of small electric machines and their applications in all fields. Such an extensive development can bring about unfavourable effects on natural environment. In that case, what can we say about the principle of balanced and rational development? An attitude of harmonised development and global economy is needed. Different kinds of motors, areas of their application, economic consequences of chaotic development are discussed in the paper. There are two basic areas of factors deciding about development of not only small electric machines. There are human factors and technical factors. Where is the balance between them?. Fig. 1 shows a set factors of technical, economic and social needs and also of characteristic properties of creators, that decide on the progress of civilisation and culture. Most people care only about their own, narrow, conceived business. Fig. 2 shows the individual thinking about the separate actions required. And these phenomena occur and are analysed in many countries. The number of small motors for household appliances and for electric tools used in Poland can be estimated at about 280 million. Moreover, all national economy (Fig. 3.) uses much more, nearly one billion small electric machines. After 5...10 years every 10% of motors finish their life and become waste. It is about a few dozen thousand tons of waste material. That is why the development of small electric machines and their application should be controlled rationally. There are enumerated all stages related to setting production in motion. Producers should consider the whole set of problems such as: common property, design, materials, technology, production, marketing, transport, exploitation, service, waste, ecology (Fig. 4). It is suggested to combine the quality management and ecological results for national economy. Production effects for the producer only can not be the measure of proper operations. It is a question of rationality of people's operations in the field of small electric machines development and not only in this area. It seems that it is necessary to look for the best result for the country and the balance between "to have" and "to be" for individual users. This balance can give the creators and not only them, more goods and more satisfaction

System PROJMAT 2001 with technical data interface for optimisation of small commutator motors

Opracowano system PROJMAT 2001, umożliwiający deterministyczną optymalizację silników komutatorowych małej mocy. Pracuje on w środowisku Matlab 5.0 z pakietem Toolbox Optimisation. W artykule podano ogólne sformułowanie matematyczne, deterministycznej, wielokryterialnej optymalizacji silników komutatorowych wraz ze sformułowaniami szczegółowymi dla trzech kryteriów. Opracowano zintegrowany z systemem interfejs komunikacji z użytkownikiem. Przedstawiono strukturę interfejsu oraz podkreślono nadrzędną jego funkcję w całym systemie PROJMAT 2001. W artykule przedstawiono również szczegółowy opis dodatkowych funkcji interfejsu służących projektantowi do łatwego i szybkiego przygotowania danych wejściowych i ograniczeń oraz przeprowadzenia obliczeń optymalizacyjnych i projektowych maszyny. Podano przykładowe wyniki optymalizacji i projektowania oraz analizy zbieżności optymalnych wyników uzyskiwanych z obliczeń z różnych punktów startowych. Uzyskana zbieżność świadczy o możliwości traktowania optimum lokalnego jako bardzo bliskiego optimum globalnego.System PROJMAT 2000 is used for designing small commutator motors. The software is used for multicriterial optimisation in the Toolbox Optimisation package. To facilitate communication with the user an interface has been added to the system PROJMAT 2000 forming the PROJMAT 2001 system. The interface is constructed of elements and functions of the Matlab 5.0 in the Uitools package. The system is built on the basis of a series of windows which make possible segregation and communication with the user. It gives a possibility of an easy and comprehensible for the designer preparation of input data, constraints and enables optimisation and design computations for machines to be carried out. The internal structure of the PROJMAT 2001 system is shown in Fig. 1. The main window of the interface is shown in Fig. 2. The interface has a series of functions to facilitate the use of the calculation program. It has a series of "function-windows" (PROJEKT - the catalogue of design, DANE - technical data, KRZYWE - magnetisation characteristics, OGR.PROSTE - simple constraints, - UWIKŁANE - implicit constraints, POMOCNE - tables for calculations, WYNIKI - results). The interface makes possible the edition (press the keys: EDYTUJ), correction and saving of files selected by the user. The interface facilitates the data preparation. The order of data preparation for calculation is shown in Fig.3...8. Fig.3 shows the window with technical data. System PROJMAT 2001 makes it possible to see the magnetisation characteristic; it is shown in Fig.4 and Fig.5. The next data for calculation are simple constraints (Fig.6). The table of implicit constraints is shown in Fig.7, whilst the window for making save it - in Fig.8 The optimisation process can be started just after preparation of the set of files described in the main file. The PROJMAT 2001 system has an interface and two independently operating calculation programs: the optimisation (OPTYMALIZACJA) and the postprocessor (PROJEKT) programs. The final design vector is obtained as a result of the system optimisation calculations. The values of the initial vector input from the table (Fig.9) and ranking of criteria (Fig.11) are necessary to carry out these calculations. The postprocessor carries out the design calculations in two variants (Fig.12): PROJEKT WYJŚCIOWY - uses an arbitrary vector of decisive variables entered by the user, PROJEKT OPTYMALNY - uses the final design vector calculated in optimisation process. In addition the user can describe the design carried out (Fig.13). The calculation result is automatically recorded in the form of the *.dat file in the "WYNIKI directory (Fig.14). Description and a list of m-files names used for calculating the given design is automatically added to the result file (see example of calculation). All files indispensable for calculation of a given design are saved in corresponding catalogues. The set of designs saved in the catalogue "WYNIKI" creates the base of knowledge. The saved design facilitate analyses and comparisons of machines of a given type. An example of the results of motor design and an example of convergence of the local- and the global optimum of the objective function are given in the paper (see Fig. 15 & 16)